Edgar Allen Poes The Cask Of Amontillado Essay -- essays research pap

Irony in The Cask of AmontilladoIn the short story, The Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allan Poe, Poe uses deuce types of irony, dramatic and verbal. Dramatic irony is when the reader perceives something that a citation in the story does not. Poe uses this type of irony in the character Fortunato. Verbal irony is when the character says one thing and means something else. This type of irony can be recognized in the statements that the characters, Fortunato and Montresor, say to one another. The name of the character, Fortunato holds dramatic irony at bottom itself. The name Fortunato resembles the word fortunate. In this story, the character Fortunato is anything but fortunate. At the beginning, Fortunato believes that he is fortunate to have a friend, Montresor, who believes to have found a pipe of Amontillado. However, in the end Fortunato learns that he has been tricked and is buried alive. Another ironic feature about the character Fortunato, is the way he is described to be dres sed, like a tap jester. The time period in which The Cask of Amontillado takes place, court jesters are considered fools. Throughout the story, Fortunato is fooled to believe Montesors claim of the Amontillado. When Montresor chains Fortunato to the wall the statement that he says, makes Fortunato spirit like a fool. Pass your hand over the wall you cannot help feeling the nitre. Indeed, it is VERY damp. Once more, let me IMPLORE you to return. No? Then I must positively leave you. But ...

The Great Fear :: essays research papers

Times change and people come and go, but fear is a constant, and in The Great attention by J. Ronald Oakley, he describes the wave of fear that occurred in the 1950s. In 1692, the townspeople of Salem were scared into believing that they were among witches, and in 1950s the Red Scare finished thousands of peoples lives that were accused of being Communists. Those accused in both witch hunts were put on trial, and while many were killed in Salem, the Red Scare had blacklisted those persecuted. The leader of this newfangled day witch-hunt was Senator Joseph R. McCarthy, who was a dishonest and corrupt man. Although a junior senator, he refused to follow Senate rules and customs, specialized in malicious attacks on his colleagues, and frequently thwarted deputation work by trying to inject trivial and extraneous matters into committee discussions, Oakley says, describing McCarthys ethics. McCarthy worked his way up the political ladder not by aboveboard winning but with deceit. On January 7th 1950, an acquaintance said that the communist-in-government issue would attract national publicity and enhance his chances of reelection. His first speech against the issue was on February 9th in Wheeling, West Virginia and McCarthy revealed a sheet of paper with a list of 205 names, who he said, were members of the Communist party. He could not remember what figure he had quoted at Wheeling, whether it was 205 or 209 or 57 or whatever Oakley adds, which shows that McCarthys list wasnt authentic and credible. In an attempt to restore confidence in the Truman administration, the Senate foreign Relations Committee established a subcommittee headed by Democratic Senator Millard E. Tydings of Maryland to investigate McCarthys charges. When the Tydings Committee issued a majority report dismissing exclusively of McCarthys allegations and condemning them as a fraud and a hoax perpetrated on the Senate of the United States and the American people. Republican members of the A merican sub-committee condemned the majority report and the Democrats who signed it and McCarthy saturnine his defeat into a victory through the great publicity he received. Soon after Tydings report was considered pro-Communist. Like the Salem Witch Trials lack of pregnant proof, many people were willing to believe McCarthys charges without any evidence. Soon world events seemed to be playing into McCarthys hands and he could use it all against the Truman administration. McCarthys fame grew and he because more careless, and instead of hinting nameless lists, he started naming names.

Solar Energy Essay example -- Environment, Solar Panels, Solar Water S

Solar energy butt be used in different ways during the construction of houses in order to conserve energy. Solar energy comes as a gift of nature and this makes it even more stinting to use in our buildings. It is not only free but unlike other sources of energy it also limits the amount of pollution caused to the environment. When building our houses the goal match to David Johnston and Scott Gibson is to create a house that consumes at least fifty-two percent less energy than one built conventionally with a corresponding decline in the heating and the cooling cost.(Johnston, Gibson 252)This can be done through use of solar panels, solar water systems and photovoltaic. The above all rely on one source solar energy which comes as a gift of nature.Solar energy can be used to determine different things intimately our hovictimization, Solar energy figures out where our houses are to be located, the orientation towards the southern sun, where different rooms are and the size and pl acement of window overhangs.(Johnston, Gibson 250)This small factors can determine how heated up our houses are or how easy it will be to cool our houses. It can also determine the amount of lighting that reaches our houses. surface south glass to capture as much sunlight as possible. Blocking summer sunlight with roof overhangs, shades and trees or vegetation. Choosing building materials for their aggregate and their potential to store solar heat in winter and to keep houses cooler in the summer....... (Johnston, Gibson 252)Solar water systems can be used to humiliate the amount of energy used in the production of electricity in our homes. It is commonly used in countries like Australia, Japan and China. They are usually do in such a way that they del... ... of the government especially in the developing countries. The governments in some countries are trying to control this problem by giving rebates and tax returns to people who install energy conserving equipment. The cost o f their installations may sometimes prove to be a major drawback. However, the actual benefit is completed as the years pass by because the electric bills will decrease significantly.In conclusion, solar energy is being used in production of electricity in our homes. It is also being used in different ways to try to minimize any energy use. There are both the advantages and drawbacks of using this source of energy but the pros usually out do the cons. Solar energy should be viewed as one of the sources of energy that we can rely on the future because unlike other sources, it will never be depleted the only thing we have to do is to apply it.

Justice at the Scaffold in Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter Ess

justice at the Scaffold in The Scarlet Letter Richard Harter Fogle acknowledges the aspect of the superhuman as the theatre of absolute insight, justice, and mercy few of Hawthornes tales and romances can be adequately considered without taking it into account (Realms of Being and Dramatic Irony 309). This superhuman aspect surfaces through godly Justice in The Scarlet Letter. On the other hand, the merely human application of justice emerges through the Puritan laws, or Earthly Justice. The struggle for achievement in the novel between Earthly and Divine Justice becomes a central theme, reflected in multiple aspects of the plot. However, the focal point in this struggle manifests itself at the hold up in Boston, where Divine Justice materializes and ultimately triumphs over Earthly Justice. The thematic struggle at the battleground of the scaffold unfolds and develops through Hawthornes three scaffold scenes. Earthly Justice dominates the first scene, where the Puritans for ce the stoic Hester Prynne, bearing the scarlet A on her bosom, to stand on the scaffold in front of the cackling, denounce Puritan crowd. Hawthorne explains that shame...was the essence of this punishment (41). Moreover, Ernest Sandeen verifies that a sinner feels shame before his fellowman and fear before his God (The Scarlet Letter as a cheat Story 360), meaning that Earthly Justice induces shame as Divine Justice creates fear. Therefore, since Hesters punishment reduced her to shame on the scaffold, Earthly Justice distribute its punishment, asserting its authority, in this first scaffold scene. Also, Dimmesdales reluctance in this scene to admit his guilt diminishes the hope for Divine Justice, which is fo... ...werful yet merciful Divine Justice that unfailingly watched over them. Works Cited Abel, Darrel. Hawthornes Hester. The Scarlet Letter. tertiary ed. Eds. Seymour Gross, Sculley Bradley, Richard Croom Beatty, and E. Hudson Long. New York Norton, 1988. 300-308. Fe idelson, Charles, Jr. The People of Boston. The Scarlet Letter. 3rd ed. Eds. Seymour Gross, Sculley Bradley, Richard Croom Beatty, and E. Hudson Long. New York Norton, 1988. 371-375. Fogle, Richard Harter. Realms of Being and Dramatic Irony. The Scarlet Letter. 3rd ed. Eds. Seymour Gross, Sculley Bradley, Richard Croom Beatty, and E. Hudson Long. New York Norton, 1988. 308-315. Sandeen, Ernest. The Scarlet Letter as a Love Story. The Scarlet Letter. 3rd ed. Eds. Seymour Gross, Sculley Bradley, Richard Croom Beatty, and E. Hudson Long. New York Norton, 1988. 350-361.

Physician-Assisted Suicide Essays -- Medicine Medical Death Papers

Physician-Assisted felo-de-se In todays society, a very controversial issue is physician-assisted suicide for termin every(prenominal)y ill patient roles. Many slew feel that it is wrong for pot, regardless of their health situation, to bespeak their doctor or attendant to end their life. Others feel it is their right to be able to choose how and when they die. When a doctor is asked to help a patient to their death, they give birth certain responsibilities that come along with it. Among these duties, they must prove valid information as to the terminal complaint the patient is suffering. They too must educate the patient as to what their final options may be. When they make the decision of whether or not to help the patient into death, and should they tackle responsibility, they must provide the lethal dose of medicines that ordain end the life of the patient. For those, myself included, who believe physician-assisted suicide should be their choice, we feel it should b e legalized because they dont want to go with the suffering caused by the illness they have. They fear the sack of their independence because they feel they become a burden to their family or friends. On the other hand those opposed to the issue of assisted suicide feel it goes against spiritual beliefs and common medical ethics. They also believe that there is always the possibility that a miracle will slip away and the patient will overcome the illness and also that the doctor could have provided the wrong diagnosis to the patient initially. The strongest reason against physician-assisted suicide has been the idea that if assisted suicide becomes legal, it will get out of hand and betoken certain people in society, such as those with disabilities. In 1990, physician-assi... ...you, unless you become a patient. With the freedoms offered to us, we should not point have to ask a doctor for consent about suicide. People should be allowed to decide their fate, just as they can decide whether to drive or walk to the grocery store. This should be the case, especially for terminally ill patients who are greatly affected by a disease. The writer feels that life is something that is valuable, even when people cant move around themselves, or cant do all things for themselves. Life isnt just something that everyone inherits. People were given life for a reason, and whether that reason is to work with a terminal illness or to make it by dint of life without any health problems, nobody should be able to choose their time of death. Someone who fights through a terminal illness dies with more haughtiness than someone who takes the easy way out does. Physician-Assisted Suicide Essays -- Medicine Medical Death PapersPhysician-Assisted Suicide In todays society, a very controversial issue is physician-assisted suicide for terminally ill patients. Many people feel that it is wrong for people, regardless of their health situation, to ask their doc tor or attendant to end their life. Others feel it is their right to be able to choose how and when they die. When a doctor is asked to help a patient to their death, they have certain responsibilities that come along with it. Among these duties, they must prove valid information as to the terminal illness the patient is suffering. They also must educate the patient as to what their final options may be. When they make the decision of whether or not to help the patient into death, and should they accept responsibility, they must provide the lethal dose of medicines that will end the life of the patient. For those, myself included, who believe physician-assisted suicide should be their choice, we feel it should be legalized because they dont want to go through the suffering caused by the illness they have. They fear the loss of their independence because they feel they become a burden to their family or friends. On the other hand those opposed to the issue of assisted suicide feel it goes against religious beliefs and common medical ethics. They also believe that there is always the possibility that a miracle will occur and the patient will overcome the illness and also that the doctor could have provided the wrong diagnosis to the patient initially. The strongest reason against physician-assisted suicide has been the idea that if assisted suicide becomes legal, it will get out of hand and target certain people in society, such as those with disabilities. In 1990, physician-assi... ...you, unless you become a patient. With the freedoms offered to us, we should not even have to ask a doctor for permission about suicide. People should be allowed to decide their fate, just as they can decide whether to drive or walk to the grocery store. This should be the case, especially for terminally ill patients who are greatly affected by a disease. The writer feels that life is something that is valuable, even when people cant move around themselves, or cant do all things for themselves. Life isnt just something that everyone inherits. People were given life for a reason, and whether that reason is to work through a terminal illness or to make it through life without any health problems, nobody should be able to choose their time of death. Someone who fights through a terminal illness dies with more dignity than someone who takes the easy way out does.

Physician-Assisted Suicide Essays -- Medicine Medical Death Papers

Physician-Assisted Suicide In todays society, a actually controversial issue is physician-assisted felo-de-se for terminally ill patients. Many people feel that it is impairment for people, unheeding of their health situation, to ask their doctor or consecutive to end their life. Others feel it is their right to be able to choose how and when they die. When a doctor is asked to help a patient to their death, they have certain responsibilities that come along with it. Among these duties, they must prove valid information as to the terminal malady the patient is suffering. They besides must educate the patient as to what their final options may be. When they make the decision of whether or not to help the patient into death, and should they accept responsibility, they must provide the deadly dose of medicines that will end the life of the patient. For those, myself included, who recall physician-assisted suicide should be their choice, we feel it should be legalized beca use they dont want to go through the suffering caused by the indisposition they have. They fear the loss of their independence because they feel they arrive a burden to their family or friends. On the other hand those opposed to the issue of assisted suicide feel it goes against religious beliefs and common medical ethics. They also believe that there is al trends the possibility that a miracle will occur and the patient will repress the illness and also that the doctor could have provided the wrong diagnosis to the patient initially. The strongest reason against physician-assisted suicide has been the idea that if assisted suicide becomes legal, it will get push through of hand and target certain people in society, such as those with disabilities. In 1990, physician-assi... ...you, unless you become a patient. With the freedoms offered to us, we should not even have to ask a doctor for permission about suicide. multitude should be allowed to decide their fate, just as they ca n decide whether to drive or walk to the grocery store. This should be the case, especially for terminally ill patients who are greatly affected by a disease. The writer feels that life is something that is valuable, even when people cant move around themselves, or cant do all things for themselves. Life isnt just something that everyone inherits. People were given life for a reason, and whether that reason is to work through a terminal illness or to make it through life without any health problems, nobody should be able to choose their time of death. Someone who fights through a terminal illness dies with more dignity than someone who takes the easy way out does. Physician-Assisted Suicide Essays -- Medicine Medical Death PapersPhysician-Assisted Suicide In todays society, a very controversial issue is physician-assisted suicide for terminally ill patients. Many people feel that it is wrong for people, regardless of their health situation, to ask their doctor or attendant to end their life. Others feel it is their right to be able to choose how and when they die. When a doctor is asked to help a patient to their death, they have certain responsibilities that come along with it. Among these duties, they must prove valid information as to the terminal illness the patient is suffering. They also must educate the patient as to what their final options may be. When they make the decision of whether or not to help the patient into death, and should they accept responsibility, they must provide the lethal dose of medicines that will end the life of the patient. For those, myself included, who believe physician-assisted suicide should be their choice, we feel it should be legalized because they dont want to go through the suffering caused by the illness they have. They fear the loss of their independence because they feel they become a burden to their family or friends. On the other hand those opposed to the issue of assisted suicide feel it goes against religious beliefs and common medical ethics. They also believe that there is always the possibility that a miracle will occur and the patient will overcome the illness and also that the doctor could have provided the wrong diagnosis to the patient initially. The strongest reason against physician-assisted suicide has been the idea that if assisted suicide becomes legal, it will get out of hand and target certain people in society, such as those with disabilities. In 1990, physician-assi... ...you, unless you become a patient. With the freedoms offered to us, we should not even have to ask a doctor for permission about suicide. People should be allowed to decide their fate, just as they can decide whether to drive or walk to the grocery store. This should be the case, especially for terminally ill patients who are greatly affected by a disease. The writer feels that life is something that is valuable, even when people cant move around themselves, or cant do all things for th emselves. Life isnt just something that everyone inherits. People were given life for a reason, and whether that reason is to work through a terminal illness or to make it through life without any health problems, nobody should be able to choose their time of death. Someone who fights through a terminal illness dies with more dignity than someone who takes the easy way out does.

The Issue of Keeping Animals in Captivity

The issue of keeping animals in captivity has been brought into focus recently. Some people claimed animals shed the right to recognise to live in their natural habitats, but others think some animals do better(p) in the zoos. Overall, it is important to look as both sides of the argument. Supporters of zoos would argue that there are many advantages to keeping animals in captivity. One of the most important of these is that there are some endangered species are protected in the zoos. standardized Giant Panda, Brown Bear and Siberian Tiger and so on.Moreover, zoos give us a c ache encounter with wild animals. In addition to this, zoos come to an easy life for animals. For example, they dont need to run about hunting for a meal, there are no real predators in the zoos and they dont have to worry about finding partner. On the other hand, those who oppose zoos would argue that some large animals need plenty of space to wander around in. such as lions and polar bears, they are als o endangered species but they usually breed unsuccessfully in the zoos which because of stress.Furthermore, people visit zoos for entertainment not for education. Besides, animals lose natural instincts in the zoos. If we put them to the wildlife again, they cant survive well independently. That is a kind of tragedy is made by human. On balance, I obtain that zoos are not suitable for all animals, its really depends on what species they are, what behaviour they have and where is better for them to live. However, the zoos need to do more researches for understand animals better and improve the living environment of them constantly.

Ece 201

0Behavioral Support Plans Behavioral Support Plans ECE 201 Debra Lawrence Jan. 14, 2013 Behavior worry plays an important role in early childhood breeding. Behavior direction is important in early childhood education setting in score to develop and/or avow some sort of order in the classroom. However, the most important reason to adopt behaviour management and/or rules in the early childhood education setting is the safety of the school-age childs and yourself as well.A childs deportment not only frustrates their teacher but their p arents as well. Thats when mien management go in because the teacher or parent has to find a way to manage the childs mien. Communication between home and school go bys the way on what the child needs in order to be successful in life. When dealing with behavior management with a troubled child you boast to be consistent.In this paper I pull up stakes describe the spirit of behavior management in early childhood education setting, discuss three strategies teachers whitethorn use to square off the function of intriguing behaviors and design an individual support plan for each of the dispute behaviors, and summarize the role of the teacher in conniving and implementing a classroom behavior plan. The purpose of the behavior management system is to provide teachers with a plan to keep order in their classrooms.Discipline, communication skills, and kindly skills are basis of an effective management system. An effective behavior management system provides an organized learning environment for students and reduces stress and burnout among teachers. Working with kids you have to keep a positive mind at all times. You can never take your mind off your students and teaching at no times. Behavior management provides children with assistance and tools they need in order to learn how to suspendly behave at home and in a classroom setting.Behavior management is there for the purpose of assisting children display proper beh aviors that is needed in learning environment. Teachers do this by teaching children appropriate behaviors and social behaviors that are expected and acceptable, children will learn these behaviors and operate them at home and school. Behavior management include all of the actions and conscious inactions to enhance the probability people, individually and in groups, choose behaviors which are personally fulfilling, productive, and socially acceptable (Wikipedia. org).The overall purpose of behavior management is to assist young children in displaying behaviors that are conducive to learning and to teach social behaviors that are appropriate for home and school settings. Positive behavior training starts at home. If you began to train your kids at home from right and wrong then it affectively takes place at school. sometimes it doesnt everlastingly happen like that but if you let your children know that there will be repercussion then it will not be as bad. Developing strong behavi or management skills in classroom skills is very important to bring forth to prevent burnout in the classroom.Most of the time student misconduct and teacher frustration with behavior issues often lead to work stress, job dissatisfaction, and loss of teachers as well as behavior problems with the students. Having behavior management in a classroom can keep teachers and their students on the same page. Behavior management has a huge impact on students along with their achievements and their will to learn. When a student has challenging behavior, it is the teachers role to help execute strategies to change and improve that behavior.Teachers should conduct a functional behavior legal opinion (FBA) as a scratch step in trying to understand why a student may be engaging in challenging behaviors. A FBA enables you to figure out the functions or purposes of the challenging behavior and to identify events in the environment that trigger and maintain it (Kaiser & Raminsky, 2012). Three str ategies that teachers may use to determine the functions of challenging by is providing. A functional behavioral assessment looks at problem behaviors by analyzing behaviors and the interventions of these behaviors.Functional behavior assessment is 1) understanding the nature and the causes of problem behaviors and 2) developing cost effective interventions for changing and/or reducing that behavior. Performing a functional behavioral assessment is done eight steps The A-B-C paradigm of behavior analysis can be very useful in determining behaviors that need to be modified in young children. A- Is the conditions of stimulus before the behavior occurs, also known as the antecedent. B- is the behavior or response to the stimulus. C- is the result for the behavior.Together A-B-C forms an approach to behavior management called A-B-A which stands for applied behavior analysis. A-B-A focuses on changing/modifying behaviors that are operationally defined and observable. Behaviors are form ed through manipulation of the environmental factors. They can be changed by altering the environment. They can also be changed by altering the response to the behavior. The antecedent sets the stage for a specific response to occur, while the consequence changes the probablility that the behavior will increase and/or decrease in the future. Alberto and Troutman, 1999). A functional behavioral assessment looks at problem behaviors by analyzing behaviors and the interventions of these behaviors. Functional behavior assessment is 1) understanding the nature and the causes of problem behaviors and 2) developing cost effective interventions for changing and/or reducing that behavior (Walker,1995). Performing a functional behavioral assessment is done eight steps Define the challenging behaviors. Identify the problem and/or challenging behavior(s) and define it in observable terms.It is useful for you to include examples of the behavior that you will measure. Make sure that when describi ng the childs behavior(s) you are clear and specific 1. Define the challenging behaviors. Identify the problem and/or challenging behavior(s) and 2. define it in observable terms. It is useful for you to include examples of the behavior that you will measure. Make sure that when describing the childs behavior(s) you are clear and specific. 3. Select and describe settings for observation. You should observe the behavior(s) in deuce or 4. three settings.The first setting is where the behavior first became a problem, one that is similar, and one that is quite different. Followed by where the behavior starts back up. Doing this will determine what is causing the problem behavior(s). You should always consider the environmental demands and/or the teachers expectations in each setting. This info could help provide an intervention plan for the child. (http//www. earlychildhoodnews. com/earlychildhood/article_view. aspx? ArticleID=255 3) Select the observation type, two types of observatio n are qualitative and quantitative.Qualitative, is descriptive in nature. The commentator begins with ideas about what will be observed and describes the behavior(s) that appears important. Quantitative, can be done only when the observer is watching what is happening. 4) Develop data collection procedures, can be collected using several different techniques. Documenting the frequency of the behavior(s) is important, the duration of the behavior(s), and the intensity of the behavior(s). If the behavior is not frequent a good solution might be event recording. Using a tally sheet helps to observe the childs behavior continuously.Time interval is useful if the behavior(s) is done during a specific observation period. 5) Analyze the learning environment as it impacts child behavior(s), careful analysis of the physical environment can unveil information that is necessary to understand the underlying cause of a childs behavior(s). 6) Interview others, a detailed interview allows individ uals who have contact with the child the opportunity to review information about the child in more detail. These individuals can include nurses, other teachers, parents, siblings, and/or friends. ) Hypothesis of the behavior(s) function, the information self-contained through child observation and/or interviewing others will be examined in this step to determine possible functions for the identified problem behavior(s). The function of the behavior(s) could be to obtain a desired outcome or to allow the child to avoid an undesirable outcome. http//www. earlychildhoodnews. com/earlychildhood/article_view. aspx? ArticleID=255 8) Develop a behavioral intervention plan, from the data gathered through observation, a clear description of the problem behavior(s) and perhaps patterns of the behavior(s) will form the basis for a plan. ttp//www. earlychildhoodnews. com/earlychildhood/article_view. aspx? ArticleID=255 Positive behavioral support (PBS) helps understand and resolves a behaviora l problem that a child might be having that is based on values and research. It offers an approach to develop an understanding of why the child engages in problem behavior and strategies to prevent the occurrence of problem behavior while teaching the child new skills. Positive behavior support offers a holistic approach that considers all factors that have an impact on a child and the childs behavior.It can be used to address problem behaviors that chain of mountains from aggression, tantrums, and property destruction to social withdrawal (challengingbehavior. org). To successfully implement positive behavior supports PBS), it is essential that each of the of the following six steps is followed in the designated order Building a Behavior Support Team Person-Centered Planning Functional Behavioral Assessment Hypothesis information Behavior Support Plan using and monitor Outcomes.Building a Behavior Support Team is getting the parents, teachers and others together to that mostly i s involved with the child the most. Person-Centered Planning is responsible for bring eachone together for the trump interest of the child. Functional Behavioral Assessment is involving collecting data and observing the behavior. Hypothesis Development is what is known that triggers the said behavior. Behavior Support Plan Development is to summarize the data gathered from the functional assessment process and come up with a plan.Monitoring Outcomes are monitoring the effectiveness of the behavior support plan. Monitoring includes measurement the changes of the problem behavior and the achievements and outcome. Summarize the role of the teacher in designing and implementing a classroom behavior plan (challengingbehavior. org). Teachers have big responsibilities in taking part in making the Behavior Plan successful. The teacher is the one who has to follow through and implement the plan and make it consistently every day. It is the teacher who has to push forward even when it appea rs things isnt going as planned. The

Background and Structure on the United Nations

Student Handout Background on the linked Nations Basic Facts of the joined Nations The United Nations was founded in 1945 with the mission to maintain world peace, develop good relations between countries, upgrade cooperation in solving the worlds problems, and encourage a respect for human rights. It uk/why-nations-fail-chapter-5-review/provides the nations of the world a forum to balance their national interests with the interests of the global whole. It operates on the voluntary cooperation and participation of its member nations. Nothing can be accomplished without their agreement and participation.Currently, there are 191 member countries with different social, political, and frugal systems. These countries agree to peacefully settle disputes, refrain from threatening or using military class against each other, and refuse to help other nations that contravene the U. N. s mission. Headquartered in New York City, the U. N. is a separate and independent entity with its own fl ag, post office and seal stamps, and its buildings sit on international territory. Six official languages are used at the U. N. Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish. Creation of the United Nations The creation of the U.N. resulted from a long history to pass on international cooperation. Nineteenth century European philosophers and statesmen like Immanuel Kant had proposed a union of nations dedicated to protecting the rights of smaller countries caught up in struggles between larger ones. The federation would punish whatsoever nation that committed an act of aggression against another. This idea became a reality after World fight I with the establishment of the group discussion of Nations. The League was the brain-child of U. S. President Woodrow Wilson and some of the victorious European powers.During its operation from 1920 and 1946 it enjoyed a few notable successes but ultimately faltered when it couldnt prevent World War II. It suffered from two major f laws 1) several of the worlds most powerful and influential countries were not members, including the Untied States 2) The League required unanimous agreement to oppose aggression. If any member disagreed, the League was powerless to act. Thus, when Germany, Italy, and Japan took military follow through with(predicate) against fellow members of the League in the late 1930s, they would not agree to take action against themselves to stop their aggression.In the end, the League failed in is primary mission to prevent another world war. While fighting the Axis powers of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II, United States President, Franklin Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin met several times between 1941 and 1945 to develop an international peacekeeping organization with the goal of preventing future wars on the scale of World War II. In April of 1945, even before the war was officially over, representatives from 50 countrie s met in San Francisco to create the charter for the United Nations.Similar to the League of Nations, the U. N. was created to promote international peace and prevent another world war. To avoid the structural failures of the League, the U. N. founders gathered the support of the worlds most powerful nations. U. S. participation was secured when the U. N. main office were located in New York City. To provide enough power to impose and enforce its will, a security council was developed with authority to take action against assaulter nations. To reassure powerful nations that their sovereignty would not be threatened, the U.N provided veto authority over its actions. The five victors of World War II the U. S. Britain, France, the Soviet Union (which Russia gained at the break up of the U. S. S. S. ) and China received this veto power. A veto provides any one of the five permanent Security Council members the authority to reject any U. N. resolution. The Structure and operation of the United Nations Accomplishments of the United Nations During its 60-year history, the U. N. has achieved many remarkable accomplishments in fulfilling it goals.The U. N. has peacefully negotiated 172 peace settlements that have ended regional conflicts and is credited with participation in over 300 international treaties on topics as varied as human rights conventions to agreements on the use of outer space and the oceans. The U. N. has been involved in every(prenominal) major war and international crisis since its inception and has served as a catalyst for the prevention of others. It authorized the international coalitions that fought in the Korean War (1950-53) and the Persian disjuncture War (1991).It provided a forum for mediation in the ArabIsraeli conflict resulting in numerous peace accords and keeping the conflict localized to the Middle East. During the Cuban projectile Crisis in 1962, the U. N. was used as a podium by the United States to challenge the Soviet Unions placement of nuclear missiles in Cuba. The doubt of public indictment was instrumental in forcing the Soviets to remove the missiles. U. N. military forces (provided by member states) have conducted over 35 peacekeeping missions providing security and reducing gird conflict.In 1988, the U. N. Peace-Keeping Forces received the Nobel Prize for Peace. The U. N. has similarly set up war crimes tribunals to try war criminals in the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. The U. N. has also made great strides in natural elevation the consciousness of human rights beginning with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the General Assembly in 1948. The U. N. Commission on Human Rights through its investigations and technical assistance in promoting free and fair elections has helped many countries in the transition to democracy. The U. N. s intense attention to specific human rights abuses helped end apartheid in South Africa. In its humanitarian efforts, more than 30 million refugee s fleeing war, persecution, or famine have received aid from the U. N. High Commissioner for Refugees. The International Court of nicety has helped settle numerous international disputes involving territorial issues, hostage-taking and economic rights. Since the end of the Cold War, the U. N. has become increasingly involved in providing humanitarian assistance and promoting improvements in the health of the worlds peoples.In addition to providing relief for humanitarian crises caused by international conflicts, the U. N. can also respond to emergencies caused by natural disasters such as floods and hurricanes. On a proactive level, the World Health Organization (WHO) and other U. N. affiliated groups have eliminated smallpox and are actively pursuing a battle against AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria rough the world. The WHO played a significant role in diagnosing and containing the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003. U. N. rograms, like the United Nations Childrens gillyflower (UNICEF) have saved and enriched the lives of the worlds children through immunization programs for polio, tetanus, measles, whooping cough, diphtheria and tuberculosis. The lives of over 3 million children a year have been saved. The U. N. operates under the principle that promoting economic and social development will help bring about lasting world peace. The United Nations Development Program provides economic assistance through apt advice, training, and limited equipment to developing countries.The U. N. Development Program coordinates all the U. N. efforts in developing nations and has had success in part because it is not perceived as an outside group threatening a developing countries authority or degenerating it to colonial rule. In addition to promoting workers rights and the right to organize and bargain for better pay and working conditions, the U. N. has also played a significant role in improving agricultural techniques and increasing crop yields in Asia, Africa and South America. The U.N. has also helped developing nations obtain bread and butter projects through the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, also known as the World Bank. A related U. N. agency, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) promotes international cooperation on monetary issues and encourages stable exchange rates among nations. Sources Wikipedia Encyclopedia http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Nations Encarta Encyclopedia http//encarta. msn. com/encyclopedia_761564986/United_Nations. html

People Who Are Making a Difference in the World

PEOPLE WHO ARE MAKING A DIFFERENCE IN THE WORLD Thurday 12/03/09 1. Im Bob Doughty. 2. And Im Barbara Klein with EXPLORATIONS in VOA Special English. Today we tell about five individuals around the world who atomic number 18 making a divergency. They are making the world a better place by helping community in redundant ways. 1. Our first individual who is making a going away is a refugee from Burma. Thousands of people flee Burma each year to escape poverty, oppression and civil war. Many of them choose to stay in Thailand. Cynthia Maung is a Burmese bushel who operates a small public health center near the Thai border with Burma.She is making a difference in her community by providing function that are not available to most people in this area. 2. Many people are waiting at the public health center. Mothers and their children wait in line to get vaccines to protect them against diseases. In another line, parents with newborn babies wait for documents that show their babies w ere born in Thailand. The documents take the place of birth certificates. Thai officials do not recognize these people because they are refugees. notwithstanding Doctor Cynthia Maung does. 1.Doctor Cynthia, as she is called, fled Burma in nineteen eighty-eight later a military campaign against people who demonstrated for democracy and justice. She says she joined with the demonstrators. She says people started disappearing or fleeing to the border when Burmas military seized power. She decided to settle near the border to get for political change. 2. In a small building, Cynthia Maung started performing operations and helping women give birth. She cleaned her instruments in a rice cooker. She in addition trained materialization volunteer health workers.Today, those workers treat people for landmine injuries and many diseases. Her health care center receives donations of m geniusy from non-governmental organizations and foreign governments, including the United States. 1. Docto r Cynthia authorizes a little money go a long way. Each year, one hundred fifty thousand people come for treatment. Those who earth-closet, pay less than one dollar. 2. Doctor Cynthia lives next to the health center. She says the workers in that respect do not only treat diseases. They also educate young people who go back and support health activities in their communities.For example, the center trains volunteer health workers who go back to work in the ethnic Karen and other areas of Burma. Some of the volunteers are former patients who are now helping others. Doctor Cynthia says young people should be taught not to feel like victims. Instead, she says, they should see themselves as people who can change and improve their situation. 1. Theary Seng is a human rights activist works to heal her country, Cambodia. As a child, she lived through the rule of the Khmer Rouge during the nineteen seventies.During four years in power, the Khmer Rouge was responsible for the deaths of at least one million, five hundred thousand Cambodians. Theary Sengs parents were among those killed. After the fall of the Khmer Rouge, she escaped to Thailand and then went to the United States. She attended law school and became a lawyer. 1. Now, Theary Seng is back in Cambodia, supporting human rights as the head of the Center for Social Development. She is a critic of corruption and abuse wherever it exists in Cambodia and around the world.At a upstart demonstration in Phnom Penh, she attempted to leave flowers to honor those killed in the civil war in the Darfur area of Sudan. But Cambodian government officials prevented her from doing so. 2. Theary Seng takes a special interest in the Khmer Rouge Tribunal. The court is starting to take legal action against former Khmer Rouge leaders for their crimes. She serves as an official representative for the victims. 1. She also has a television show. It seeks to find the countrys next generation of young leaders.Theary Seng says her wo rk is not to do anything big but to be a common citizen in her homeland where she suffered in the past. THEARY SENG And now, Im taking that suffering, and shaping it into hope, and trying to work with individuals who had not the time and space to heal that Ive had. 1. William Saydee is making a difference in his country, Liberia. In Monrovia, the capital, the sound of typing mixes with the sound of cars in the street. Mister Saydee is a clergyman and former accountant. (SOUND) He now works as a typist and teacher. He is teaching unemployed Liberians how to type.The students do not pay him anything. One of the students is Isaiah Thomas. He says he is find outing to type because he wants to work for an international company. 2. William Saydee says he wants to help young people gain a skill to succeed. He says it is the best he can do to help Liberia re-build after years of civil war. Mister Saydee earns money by typing contracts and other documents, like resumes. A resume is a list of a persons teaching and work experience. It can be useful when a person is looking for a job. (MUSIC) 1. Comic book artist Robert Walker is making a difference in New York City.He uses his art to help people understand the disease AIDS. Many children and even adults in the United States enjoy postulateing comic books. Superheroes in comic books prevail unusual abilities. They use their abilities to help people and save the world. Like most superheroes, Mister Walkers characters perk up special powers. For example, one superhero can see in the dark. One can lift more than three hundred tons. Another can come back from the dead. Also, like most superheroes, his characters have to deal with trouble. These superheroes all have H. I. V. , the virus that causes AIDS.Mister Walker says some members of his family died of AIDS when he was a child. That gave him the idea to create a comic book called O Men. It includes nine characters living with H. I. V. The characters are men and wom en who represent different races and socio-economic groups. They also were infected with the virus in different ways. Mister Walker says he wanted to iron depressing images connected with the disease. ROBERT WALKER Its not a black disease. Its not a white disease. Its not a joyous disease. Its a disease of humanity that lacks awareness. 1.Gerry Gladston is the co-owner of Midtown Comics in New York City. He says many comic books have important political, social and educational messages. Mister Walker mouth to many H. I. V. and AIDS organizations in researching his comic book. He says he wanted to make the stories realistic as well as factual. 2. Yohannes Gebregiorgis is an Ethiopian-American who returned to the land of his birth to make a difference. Yohannes, as he is known, became an American citizen many years ago. But he gave up his life as a childrens librarian in San Francisco, California.Yohannes says he was concerned that Ethiopian children had no books. He said most sch ools in Ethiopia do not have libraries. There are almost no childrens books in any of Ethiopias many languages. So Yohannes started the Donkey Mobile Library to provide children with their first books. His group brings books to children who have none. YOHANNES GEBREGIORGIS Most kids we have noticed h matureing a book upside down. We have taken pictures of those kids. But later on we find out that those kids learn how to use the book, how to deliver the pages and to look at the pictures and then gradually to read the stories in the book. 1. More donkey mobile libraries are planned, with money from groups in the United States. Donated English-language books have begun arriving in Ethiopia. Also, Yohannes has established a publishing company to produce books in languages that local children can read. His first book was published in three languages. It is a re-telling of an old folk story about, what do you think? A boy and his favorite animal a donkey 2. In the beginning, children ca me to the mobile library mainly because of the donkeys. But Yohannes discovered that what really excited the children was the books.He dreams about taking his donkey mobile libraries to more Ethiopian towns and villages. After all, there are millions of other children who want to learn to read. 1. This program was written by VOA correspondents and adapted by Shelley Gollust. Our producer was Mario Ritter. Im Bob Doughty. 2. And Im Barbara Klein. You can download audio and read scripts on our Web site, voaspecialenglish. com. Join us again next week for EXPLORATIONS in VOA Special English. http//blog. 360. yahoo. com/blog-Z3b93Sw5dKiGLDSLftiVYk1BXzLWCwAr3Q_ylt=AkizEO6ZhqbgHK3F3A9hoyK0AOJ3? cq=1

Groupon Analysis

1. Research process As the secondary selective information on evaluation of guests in Vietnam with regard to groupon ar non available, the method to be holdd in this study is al around research employing a combination of soft and quantitive approaches. Problems de? nition Quantitive research Research bod Qualitative research Questionnaire online survey Sampling Fieldwork Data abridgment Managerial implications Figure the stages of guests evaluation research Norm anyy the kickoff point of any research process is the research problem and research objectives.The next stage is to design plans of getting information of both quantitive and qualitative ? gures. consequently the the objectives transform in to promontorynaire. In the survey both quantitive and qualitative inquirys atomic number 18 used. Multiple choices with scale measure is used on the otherwise hand question with open answers ar use to identify the quantitive problems. Information to be obtained should be de termined prior to the building of questionnaire. tabular array 1 shows how information is to be collected. sepa set outly shifting turn out 5 question to determine. Variables Reliability Who to ask clientWhat to get How is the customer valuation of groupon companiess reliability How is the customer valuation of groupon companiess responsibility How is the customer valuation of groupon companiess sanction How is the customer valuation of groupon companiess empathy How is the customer valuation of groupon companiess tangibles Responsibility Customer authority Customer Empathy Customer Tangibles Customer The next step after(prenominal) questionnaires were designed and sampled, ? eldwork was executed that involved the completion and return of questionnaire. Data analysis can start after the returned questionnaire were checked.Finall(a)y, the research process ends with the most important part that is the managerial implications. 2. Quantitative study The purpose of the quantitat ive study is to identify the relationship between 5 fixingss reliability, responsibility, assurance, empathy and tangibles and the fiber of groupon companiess assistances. The details near sampling, data collection and data analysis methods are described in the next part. a. Sampling Sample sizing a sample of 390 people was drawn from residents living or working in few districts in Hanoi and some part of districts 1 Ho Chi Minh city. 90 people answered some question to classify in 3 groups which are the people experience used groupon service, the people never use groupon service but they know about it and the people never use groupon and do not know anything about it. As expected, 50 percents of people who were asked to do survey are student because large build of people who use groupon to buy product and services is starting time income people 30 percents of that is white mite worker the reason is that they have to work with computer and internet in plenty hours in a day and they want to buy product with low cost lso and the last group of people the survey focusing on is housewives which is have 20 percents in total sample. Sample should include both women and men, belong to 5 groups of age (from 18 years old to over 55 years old). Selection criteria the selection criteria for those participating in the study were age (between 18 and over 55 years old), income ( at least more than 1 million Vietnam dong per month), ability to use computer and the internet ( because almost all groupon companies are working base on internet environment).In addition, respondents should not be acquaintances of each other because they can share the same attitude about some services and companies. b. Data collection The questionnaire consists of 25 questions to determine 25 items which belong to 5 factors. These factors were developed from the study model Serqual . The Likert ? ve-point scale was used for those items that aimed to measure consumers evaluation and fellin g. Factors 1 reliability have 5 questions which were designed to explore customers belief Factors 2 responsibility was aimed to ? d out the felling of customers about responsibility of the companies whether they can respond the requirement of customer immediately or with some delays. This factor was determined by 5 questions Factor 3 Assurance is the factor which have 5 question to measure the security of the companiess service. Factor 4 empathy use 5 question to explore if the staff of companies cause to help and understand customer or not. Factor 5 tangible have 5 question to determine like the last 4 factor. Those question use to appraise the appearance of the companies such as the website, voucher or uniforms of staffs.Every question uses seven-fold choices with ? ve-point scale from 1-5 which mean terrible, misfortunate, average, very good and excellent. The questionnaire was translate into Vietnamese and pre-test on 5 respondents to ensure the correct understanding an d the ease of answering. Pretest turn ups were satis? ed. The questionnaire were distributed to 730 persons in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh city via online survey which is designed by Google and fling by email, direct message and social networking(Facebook, Twitter). (Appendix Phu luc bang hoi )Of 730 person sent survey 390 returned result, of which 163 were usable (163 respondents use groupon as the media to shopping). The valid questionnaire must (1) not having more than ? ve missing values (2) not selecting all 1 or all 5 for all questions. The distribution of questionnaires and the collections of returned ones were carried out from 8th October to 20th October 2012. c. Data analysis Answers from the respondents were reviewed for completion and usefulness. Accepted questionnaire were coded and the raw data input in the SPSS package version 20 for Mac.The reliability of measurement scales was gauged using Cronbachs alpha value. A scale is reliable if the alpha is higher than 0. 6. Desc riptive analysis is used to describe the variables in term of frequency. Due to the small size sample, subgroup analysis is not meaningful. Analysis variance (ANOVA) or cross tabulation results at that placefore were not used. The lis of codi? ed variables is shown in Appendix phu luc cac bien Factor analysis was used to reduce the number of variables and to identify the underlying common dimensions.Factor scores were then analyzed using multiple statistical regressions, through linear relationships between a dependent variable and miscellaneous independent variables (predictors) were determined. 3. Results 3. 1 Sample pro? le Groupon-buying discount products or services online are consumed by a large number of population out-of-pocket to the development of the internet past 10 years. Sample includes 46 men and 117 women, aged from 18 to over 18 years old with the majority macrocosm the age group of 18-24 years old. Of 162 respondents 20. 2% using groupon for their work, 64. 4% using for their person-to-person purpose and 15. % using groupon to buy products and services for both purposes which are personal and work. More than 60% of people who are asked have a low income which is less than 5 million Vietnam dong per month, it can be reasonable when most of groupon customer have a low income and it may explain that price is very importance when they decide to buy somethine. And a large number of the respondents are student which are a young generation. They can easily using internet and modern way of shopping. Figure Gender distribution Figure place distribution 15% 28% 20% 72% 64% Man Women Personal WorkPersonal and work Figure Age distribution Figure Monthly income 1% 7% 13% 16% 11% 12% 79% 9million 5-9 million other 61% 18-24 25-29 30-40 40-50 Figure Job distribution 150 100 50 0 Student New employee Employee Housewife Other Table show the demographic characteristics of the sample with regards to gender, age, income, job and vouchers value. Table Summary sampless characteristic persona (n=162) Female Gender Male 18-24 25-29 Age 30-40 40-50 less than 5 million 5-9 million Monthly income more than 9 million other Student New employee Jobs Employee Housewife Other 1. 500. 000 11% 16% 69. % 12. 3% 15. 3% 1. 8% 0. 6% 17. 8% 69. 9% 9. 2% 1. 8% 1. 2% 7% 1% 61% 12% 28% 79% 13% 72% 3. 2 Descriptive analysis In the study, ? ve factors were used to measure customer evaluation and felling. For the statistical purpose all variables were described in term of frequencies (percentage) and average values (means). Finding related to customers evaluation and felling are summarized in tables. a. How customers trust groupon companies services in Vietnam, those thing can show up by some factors such as the quality of products what companies guaranteed and the punctuation of delivery. Consequently, the result will show how customer believe in companies and their goods. Groupon companies endlessly sale all product with a very cheap price so th is factor explore how is the customers belief. Table Customers belief in groupon companies Percentage (n=163) Terrible/ poor 2. The customers belief in discount price 3. The customers thinking of products and services qualities 4. Deliverys punctuation 5. Customer dispense staffss knowledge 6. Customer care staffss respond 22. 6% 21. 5% 17. 8% 19. 6% 22. 7% Very good/ excellent 30. 7% 31. 3% 55. % 42. 9% 34. 7% amount value (means) 3. 08 3. 10 3. 53 3. 29 3. 21 As can be seen that customer belief indicator is more than 3 but silent below than 4. The respondents accepted and trust those companies. b. How customers evaluate the responsibility of Vietnamese groupon companies Online shopping is very different from traditional shopping because clients can pay money and have goods or services immediately so that responsibility is a very important factor to rate ? rmss qualities. It can be seen that customer evaluate ? rms after sale service is poor .It is probably due to many groupon companies in Vietnam think that responsibility which is taking care customers after they had bought products and service belong to suppliers, they only have to sale goods. It may lead to 47,9% of respondent thinks ? rms responsibilities are terrible and poor. Table Response to companiess responsibility Percentage (n=163) Terrible/ poor 7. Staffss enthusiasm 8. Companies solve your problems actively 9. Hotline for customer care 10. Recheck customers information to ensure fast and correct delivery 11. aft(prenominal) sales services 16. 6% 26. % 31. 3% 23. 9% 47. 9% Very good/ excellent 40. 5% 27. 6% 33. 8% 44. 1% 19. 6% mediocre value (means) 3. 28 3. 08 3. 06 3. 29 2. 60 From the table it can be concluded that ? rms responsibility is acceptable but they some aspects are poor for instance hotline and after sales services. c. How customer rate companiess assurance Not as tradition transactions, online shopping should have a more obtain transaction. Most of payments for groupon comp any are electronic payment which have many potential risk. As the result keep customerss personal and payment data is very essential.Vietnamese people do not care much about security but in the modern life but when credit card, online pocket book etc are becoming more popular everyday it has to be a factor to evaluate service qualities Table Customer evaluation of transaction assurance Percentage (n=163) Terrible/ poor 12. Trading process is quick and exactly 13. Privacy of transaction 14. Company always keep clientss data safe 15. Contrasts are sensible and clear 16. Reputation of companies 22. 1% 10. 4% 17. 2% 11. 7% 14. 7% Very good/ excellent 44. 1% 56. 4% 52. 5% 55. 2% 40. 5% Average value (means) 3. 33 3. 9 3. 54 3. 60 3. 29 Every items belonging to assurance factor are shown on the table. It is believed that respondents rate this factor pretty good. d. How companies and their staff empathize customers This factor was designed to uncover customers felling about companiess e mpathy. There is an idiom that customers are always right so that communication between sellers and their customers is very importance . Those 5 questions explore how respondent think about staff attitude and empathy. Table Customerss evaluation of companiess empathy Percentage (n=163) Terrible/ poor 17.Staffss behavior and attitude 18. Companiess staff pay attention of customerss private requirement 19. Customer always feel convenient and satisfied of services 20. Company makes improvement after clients complain 21. Clients dont have to wait for a long time to user service 14. 1% 27. 6% 21. 5% 31. 3% 21. 5% Very good/ excellent 46. 7% 35. 6% 33. 1% 20. 9% 41. 1% Average value (means) 3. 37 3. 09 3. 14 2. 88 3. 31 The table show that customers evaluative criteria is uneven, some items have a high value some is quite low.Respondents evaluate that improvements of company after their complain are poor, 31. 3% think that it terrible and poor. e. How is the tangibles of companies Althou gh almost all groupon companies do not impress their customer by a fancy shop or building but there are some aspects to evaluate their tangibles such as their vouchers and websites whether they are beautiful or ease of recognizing. Respondents think that about these 2 things groupon companies do well and they probably appreciate that. However there is a aspect having a low evaluation by respondents which is staffss uniform.It can be a result of companies category which is online company because of that they do not think staffs uniform is the serious problem. Table Customerss evaluation of companiess Tangibles Percentage (n=163) Terrible/ poor 22. proceeding place 23. Vouchers design 24. Website designed 25. Staff uniform 26. Transporters have transportations to deliver products to clients quickly and safe. 19% 11. 6% 8. 6% 33. 2% 16. 6% Very good/ excellent 45. 4% 59. 5% 64. 4% 24% 46. 6% Average value (means) 3. 42 3. 66 3. 74 2. 85 3. 41 4. 3 Factors in? encing groupon services quality a. Evaluation of the measuring scales In the reliability analysis, items that have total-item correlational statistics smaller than 0. 6 were removed from the scales but in this sample there is no variable was eliminated. All items were tested for reliability. The resulting Cronbach alpha of each scale is presented in Table . Table Alpha values Codi? ed variables Reli1-Reli5 Res1-Res5 Assu1-Assu5 Emp1-Emp5 Tan1-Tan5 Number of items 5 5 5 5 5 Alpha value 0. 804 0. 831 0. 863 0. 826 0. 856 Measurement Scale ReliabilityResponsibility Assurance Empathy Tangibles b. Factor analysis Twenty four variables were submitted for factor analysis. The root method used was Principal Axis Factoring, accepting all Eigen values which are higher than 1. The rotation method was Oblimin with Kaiser Normalization rotation was coverged in 9 iteration. The factor analysis resulted in e Component 1 Tan1 Tan2 Emp5 Tan5 Tan3 Tan4 Assu3 Assu2 Assu4 Emp1 Assu5 Emp4 Res5 Res3 Emp3 Emp2 Res4 Reli5 Res1 Reli4 Res2 Reli2 Reli1 Reli3 Assu1 Extraction Method Principal Component Analysis.Rotation Method Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. a. Rotation converged in 9 iterations. 2 0. 767 0. 760 0. 742 0. 714 0. 699 0. 561 0. 803 0. 771 0. 732 0. 552 0. 542 3 4 5 0. 521 0. 708 0. 609 0. 580 0. 550 0. 502 0. 524 0. 772 0. 754 0. 723 0. 564 0. 784 0. 746 0. 549 Eigen values and variance of each factor are indicated in Appendix Ph? l? c Eigen. The factor correlation matrix (Appendix Ph? l? c ma tr? n tuong quan) illustrates that the correlation between factors is in fundamental (correlation coefficient are smaller than 0. ). This is an underlying assumption required for multiple regression. For those variables that load on two factors, the higher load on two factors, the factor with higher value is selected. However if loading difference is not significant (that is not more than 0. 3) the variable will not be used for multiple regression (Tan4 and Emp2). Table Nr Factor nomination Factor nam e Transaction place Vouchers design Clients dont have to wait for a long time to user service 1 Tangibles Having transportations to deliver quickly and safe.Website designed Staff uniform Company always keep clientss data safe Privacy of transaction 2 Assurance Contrasts are sensible and clear Staffss behavior and attitude Reputation of companies Company makes improvement after clients complain After sales services 3 Responsibility Hotline for customer care Customers convenience and satisfaction of services Attention of customerss private requirement Customer care staffss respond Staffss enthusiasm 4 Staff quality Customer care staffss knowledge Companies solve your problems actively Factor componentNr Factor name Factor component The customers thinking of products and services qualities 5 Reliability The customers belief in discount price Deliverys punctuation The above 5 factors were considered independent variables in the multiple regression model and the dependent variable was Q uality of groupon service. Multiple regression results are presented in the next section. c.Multiple regression Multiple regression is use to identify the relationship between the dependent variable and many independents variables. The multiple regression model has the following form Y= ? + ? 1X1 + ? 2X2 + ? 3X3 + ? 4X4 +.. + ? nXn The relationship between the dependent variable Quality of groupon service and the factors identified through the above factor analysis is determined using multiple regression. Table shows the variance of this analysis. Tab

How does Priestley express ideas about Eric Birling in ‘An Inspector Calls’ Essay

Erics DrinkingOne explanation for Erics drinking mayhap is the hypocrisy of his family, and Eric feels he has to join in with the male dominated culture in society. For example when Gerald suggests he is going to be careful Eric expresses his amusement Eric suddenly guffaws. His parents look at him this is the strongest suggestion yet that Eric is aware of Geralds affair, if not the exact specifics. When asked by Sheila what was causing his amusement Eric replies I dont have it off really. Suddenly I felt I just had to laugh this shows how Eric defends the male and shows how Eric has to defend the male power not the female power. This could suggest that the hypocrisy of Gerald who is extremely esteemed by his family had led to Erics frustration and led him on a path to alcoholism.Evas Sacking + CapitalismEric clearly shows much to a greater extent sympathy to Priestleys views than that of his pay back. Discussing Eva Smiths death, Eric suggests Why shouldnt they try for higher w ages? We try for the highest possible prices? you said yourself she was a good prole this shows how Eric is apparent motioning not only the decision making of his father but also Mr. Birlings view on society. Mr. Birling is a bemoan advocate of everybody looking after himself but when a lower class workers attempts to improve their life changes Mr. Birling is contradictory and fires Eva. Showing how Erics rhetorical question of Why shouldnt they try for higher wages? shows how Eric is almost representing Priestleys views of the selfish, aggressive form of capitalism, which Mr. Birling represents.AffairWhen Erics affair comes to light, his choice of actors line leaves ambiguity to the reader about the nature of Erics affair. Did Eric force himself upon Eva? Or was Eric showing sympathy and attention to an innocent girl? Eric states to the inspector She wasnt the rough-cut sort. But well, I suppose she didnt know what to do by suggesting she wasnt the usual sort suggests that i t is Eva innocence and desperation that causes Eric to be attracted to Eva, this could lead us to have sympathy for Eric. As if here were to see Eva not purely as a prostitute but also as somebody who push aside change and reform shows a more sympathetic side to Eric that every iodine can change.However the ambiguity comes from the statement well, I suppose she didnt know what to do this sounds strongly like rape from Eric. That he has clearly forced himself upon her with Eva not knowing how to react. Again highlighted in the following remark Yes, I insisted it seems again suggesting how Eric was the one dominating the situation. Although Erics guilt is evident when he tries to express doubt on his wrongdoing with the quote it seems showing how Eric is not comfortable with the sin he has committed.If this were to be the case it paints a much darker picture of Eric suggesting he had no genuine car for Eva, but was only interested in the need to sate his sexual desire.Sexism/Prosti tutionErics relationship with Eva continues to lack any real substance and highlights Priestleys thoughts that woman have little choice about their choices in order to survive. As Eric continues to describe his relationship with Eva he describes And this time we talked a bit for a couple to only talked a bit is hardly a romantic statement, and suggests that Eric pretty much had sex with Eva straight away. The fact that Eric also couldnt remember her name or where she lived shows how from Evas point of view Eric was mortal who was abusive with her, and didnt seem to look after her. The only reason for Eva to continue to associate with Eric would be because of the extreme poverty she faces and showing how despite the unfathomable way she is treated she has no choice but to accept the dominance of men.Learning His LessonAfter the Inspector has left, Priestley does give the reader an opportunity to take a more optimistic view about what Erics future may hold. After his mother has conde mned Eric outraging Im absolutely shamefaced of you Erics react shows a sign of maturity and of a genuine capacity to change responding, Well, I dont blame you. But dont block off I am ashamed of you as well yes both of you the fact that Eric is now admitting shame on himself could suggest he is now in the honk of mindset to change his ideals and values. The way Eric also condones his parents also sounds remarkably mature saying But dont forget I am ashamed of you as well this shows how Eric is condemning his parents in a very authoritative way, and turning the tables on his parents using mature demeanour.Eric continues to ridicule his parents, particularly expressing doubts over his fathers viewpoints. In one of his final lines Eric remarks You told us a man had to make his own wayand then one of those cranks walked in The Inspector (laughs bitterly.) I didnt notice you told him its every man for himself the way that Eric uses repetition of his fathers notion about every man for himself shows how Eric ridicules Mr Birlings views on Priestleys behalf to show how many of the beneficiaries of capitalism believe in that principal except those who need to be looked after the most. The message from Priestley that no matter how flawed or wealthy the character everybody has the ability to change.

Objective Synthesis

In HARD BODIES by STUART EWEN and THE SPORTS TABOO by MALCOLM GLADWELL offlines token sports in addition to the differences between the athletic individuals and the ways in which they put through extracurricular activities. The first article listed begins by introducing a man named Raymond who is hoping to action the body figure in which he has always dreamed of having. It goes through his daily workout in detail in which he accomplishes after a long day in his dispatchice.To achieve his long wanted goal, he working on parts of his body piece-by-piece, practicing repetition in a room surrounded by uncut mirrors. The author then begins describing various advertisements with pictures of quote-on-quote perfect bodies. Both men and women pose together showing off their tone and completion with a light coating of oil. Men generally expose their upper half, as women tend to expose their arms, shoulders and stomach. The author believes that these advertisements undergo more meaning th en just the exercise in which they advertise.They are more to attract viewers into wanting what they see and spending the money in set up to achieve that particular body figure. After reading this article, my mind brought me to think back to many advertisements that I have viewed on shelves of stores as intumesce as gym membership pictures. These figures we see, as they appear mouth and have perfection, are never the raw images of these particular individuals. When an advertisement states that the reader should start a rude(a) physical training in request to achieve this goal, it includes a denomination of false advertising.These images of these built individuals advance to have recently started new workout habits when in reality these models have kept in general anatomy all their lives and have worked out daily in order to achieve their body types. Women in the manpower viewing these advertisements wanting to appear as these younger more fit women believe they too, can achi eve such a body if they begin a new workout routine. The last article discusses the concerns of mainstream sports, eyepatch taking a further look into psychology as well as the social individuation of an African American athlete.He explores the subject through various data, experiments and observations and captures conclusions within his text using style and formality. endear the racial views of sports in society, author Malcolm Gladwell seems to strive to change the readers view on this particular aspect throughout his wording. He wishes to illustrate a cause for race not to stand as a criteria position in American sports, but instead for the athletic ability to form as a leading role in such opinions. In the course of his detailed argument, he proposes ideas of equivalence and nonjudgmental aspects of athletic stereotypes.These two particular articles differ in many ways, one being the opposite word perspectives of the body image. Given in the first article, Stuart Ewen had a perspective displaying the importance of body image by telling the story of the man named Raymond. In the second article, however, Malcolm Gladwell displays the non-importance. Ewen gives perspectives from the eyes from Raymond, and his lifelong journal of workouts in order to achieving his goal weight and body muscle. Translated through the second article by Malcolm Gladwell, he perceived a perspective of the aspect in difference.His article proclaimed that the race and amount of money individuals had could have a say in sports as well as who belongs to what category for each. He does not believe in the stereotypes in which people create based off race, nor does he believe in the theory of supremacy at sports depending on money. What I find to be important about the differences of these two opinions as well as views on this particular subject is the argumentation for each viewpoint. Perhaps the background of the author as well, contributing as a factor of the standpoint in which their opinion exists.Could the background of the author, Malcolm Gladwell, contribute to his reasoning to the stereotypes of sports players? As well as the perspective from Raymond? The author may also have these strong opinions because of their ethnicity or religion, or opinions of their friends and or family. I, for one, stand from a similar viewpoint as Raymond with the concern of working out and keeping the body as wished. Achieving ones desire body type can be of lifes most inspiring goals yet. It tells any average person that if they persevere, they can reach their goals.From a similar viewpoint, both authors did have a strong belief relating to the importance of a subject pertaining to sports. maven believed that it is important to look the way you want, and to work extra hard to get on that point, while the other mentioned the lowliness of how society today sees many stereotypes of how certain people are meant to play certain roles in sports. umpteen similar people stand evenly gifted according to each other without reasoning. He fights that there is no other side to the previous statement. Lyons, Gregory T. Body and Culture. Hard Body. 1950. Print. Lyons, Gregory T. Body and Culture. The Sports Taboo. 1950. Print

College Success and Personal Responsibility Essay

Honesty is the key component in own(prenominal)ized duty because it shows that an individual(a) can be trusted with key information or extent of home invent assignments. There is a strong belief that ones word is their bond, stiffing what the individual states or a claim is valid and true. Other essential components to personal responsibility atomic number 18 dependability, supreme attitudes, and professional competence. Some people say that an individuals character holds a higher order in personal responsibility over artlessy, dependability, or a positive attitude. Everyone leave have a different definition regarding what personal responsibility means to them. I would restrict personal responsibility as ingenuousness, dependability, a positive attitude in every aspect of my life, and professional competence. To even further define what personal responsibility means to me, I would need to explain what the words personal and responsible mean to me.Personal to me means tha t my actions and materials belong to me. Some examples of personal materials that belong to me ar my laptop computer, my car, and my homework assignments. These are things that I have purchased or gifts that have been given to me, however my homework assignments are papers that I have written and non plagiarized. Some examples of my actions would be going back to inculcate, completing tasks at work and going to the gym. These things may be in dollar value or just everyday activities that I do. To me responsibility to means that I have the ability to answer for my actions, knowledge of the possible consequences I could call for for my negative actions, accolades for the positive. As a child I was always taught cause and military force and how my actions would affect myself and others close to me.The possible consequence of my action not to pay my monthly car payment is repossession of my vehicle. The long-term effect of such action is not having my own transportation to get to work, school, the gym, or any other locations that I may need to go to or want to go, as well as car restitution getting canceled. When an individual possesses the key elements of personal responsibility, the individual volition succeed in areas such as professionalism and academics. Several years ago I took personal responsibility for granted. In my failure to be honest and dependable with my finances and health, I struggled and suffered greatly. In the early part of 2002, someone asked me, Where did I think I would be at in my life 10 years from now?I responded to them I do not know. Over the next several years I had allowed others to dictate to my finances, my personal belongings, and even my health. Yes, when you do not have a sense of personal responsibility, everything in your life becomes compromised. The first steps in taking responsibility is stop blaming others and accept that it is up to me to do better (Taking personal responsibility, 2011). erst I stopped blaming oth ers for the downfalls in my life and started owning up to my own actions, I was better able to full understand what personal responsibility was and what I needed to do. Because I took an active stand toward personal responsibility I was able to improve my finances, health, and other aspects of my life. You may be wondering how professional competence relates to personal responsibility.Professional competence is the ability to understand varied concepts and ideas and as well as be capable to accomplish tasks (whether school assignments or career tasks on the job) with little or no supervision (University of Phoenix, 2012). By applying professional competence in your academics you bequeath exemplify high moral values in completing club assignments. You will show yourself, instructors, and employers that you have taken the time to do your own work to your utmost ability, and that you can take aim new ideas on how to solve not just everyday problems but also new problems as well.Th e rewards that will be acquired in having personal responsibility and college success are unlimited. Some examples of the reward that go with personal responsibility and college success is completion of my degree program, earning a degree, or a plus is earning a degree with honors, and having the ability to apply the knowledge of my degree in my career field. Personal responsibility does not just apply to academic success it also applies to career and general success.Gaining and maintaining college success is not only grades and attendance, but it does play a huge part in academic success. It also includes participation in class, group, and forum discussions and dedicating yourself to do your very best when completing assignments in an ethical and competent manner. According to the degenerate hints, study tips for college success article published by the Miami Times Studies show that students who study often and present their textbooks thoroughly earn better grades.(Quick hints, s tudy tips for college success, 2005). A student, who demonstrates personal responsibility in college, will gain administrative support from the university staff and instructor when it is needed and maybe even letters of recommendation. An employee who demonstrates personal responsibility in their career may receive bonuses for jobs well done, promotions into higher positions, and letters of recommendation. There are several methods I would use to maintain my personal responsibilities in my academic career. My top methods include maintaining a schedule, reading all material, arriving to class and team meetings on time, by seeking help through confused resources, completing all work assignments in a timely and honest manner, and asking questions in class on material that I do not understand.Other methods may include Create a good learning space, free from distraction Take notes in text and Return to the beginning and reprize the process (Quick hints, study tips for college success, 2005). All these methods when combined, will not only help me in my nurture but also in my career by improving my knowledge of work given, meeting plan deadlines, meetings scheduled for specific times, and working as a trustworthy employee. Personal responsibility is more than honesty it is dependability, positive attitudes, and professional competence.These factors are not just limited to academic success but also career and personal success in multiple aspects of your life. They can be used as guidelines for diverse learning and promotions in self and team enrichment. Therefore, personal responsibility has both positive and negative set up to yourself and those around you. By exemplifying high moral values in personal responsibility you will achieve success in everything you do.ReferencesQuick hints, study tips for college success. (2005, October). Miami Times, 83(7), 3B. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/363118060?accountid-35812 Taking personal responsibility. (2011, September). The Daily Gleaner. Retrieved fromhttp//search.proquest.com/dovview/887612423?accountid=35812 University of Phoenix. (2012). Professional Competence. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, Gen200-Foundations for ordinary Education and Professional Success website.

Hiring Based on Body Art Essay

Why do most employers bar stains while other doesnt mind them? If a person is trying to give birth a coiffe that interacts with the public or with throng from other companies, those other people could be judgmental about tattoos that ar visible outside the clothes. Theres belike a variety of reasons further I signify a common one is that some companies feel that their employees project their participation im days and theyd the like some say in the image that they choose. This is obviously truer when the employees argon dealing with the public.Now in some industries, the keep company image of employees having tattoos is benefit, a provided in others, especi completelyy in certain more standpat(prenominal) markets, tattoos are viewed as a blemish on the image. Keep in mind, too, that some companies pay marketing and PR firms quite a lot of money to develop and reinforce the chosen image for the company and with those companies, its an important thing that they want to project and they want to protect it. Employers tend to cater to their customers.If their customers are more conservative, they likely wont want to deal with a tattooed and pierced salesperson/clerk, and they may ask mortal to remove their piercings and cover their tattoos with long sleeved clothing, for instance. Some employers dont care, its the quality of the person and his/her seduce that matters. As long as you clothe safely (i. e. , sturdy property if youre rangeing about heavy machinery and pull long hair back if youre around moving equipment) it doesnt matter. And some employers those who are trendy and catering to a younger and more brash crowd may encourage itBecause some of us think tattoos are a sign of little than upstanding type of person. Some dont want to have their customers think that the business is not upstanding, and having employees with tattoos will make their business look bad. I personally associate tattoos with drug use, as some who use drug cov er the marks with tattoos, and therefore would not really like to have nourishment served to me by a tattooed server, out of fear of disease associated with intervenes drug use. Tattoos are not a genteel right. A company has a right to control the dress, hairstyles, and overall appearance of their employees.A company probably wouldnt ban a tattoo, unless if someone has Evil Satan on their forehead that is probably not going to go over in a craft interview Because for certain job like those advanceder up its not healthy. Say youre in the doctors office && your doctor has tattoos all over til now on his face would you think he knew what he was doing. To me they give off a bad image in the work place I chouse tats dont get me wrong but getting them in ridicules places seem unprofessional. Sure it doesnt affect your ability of how you do the job but other pals opinions would not get you any high up job nor business.Should it be illegal to allow tattoos to be a factor at all in th e hiring process? I think it should be frowned upon, but not illegal. If you have a company and you have people representing you, then you can choose what kind of image those people have. Theres a lot of stigma connect with tattoos culturally (whether founded or unfounded isnt the point), and if theres an industry or position where that stigma could affect business, then thats the bosss decision. Its not like people whove gotten tattoos didnt know that it might be an issue later on, you should get them where you can cover them up.They make people take piercings out to work (some little old doll at the supermarket may be offended by a septum piercing and so forth ). The issue isnt whether it should be illegal to not hire because of tattoos, its that we should all just get over it as a society. Depends do they have an Hate Kill tattoo across their knuckles, an tattoo of an Nazi wilt on the forehead, or an naked men/women on their skin? Any place where they work at is an profession al place. So thus they need to look professional and keep bringing back people. If its a very beautiful rtistic tattoo I would allow it, or if its a tattoo that means a lot to them, again I would allow it. (What I mean by allowing it is exposing it) As long as its tasteful or able to keep the tattoo hidden. In some jobs I think it should be illegal.. Like when a grocery store wont hire someone with visible tattoos or piercings, thats ridiculous. A tattoo doesnt make you look any less(prenominal) presentable in that situation. (I used to have to cover mine up ) But for other jobs, where macrocosm presentable and demanding respect (a lawyer, a judge, a cop, maybe a doctor I think it is o.k. that tattoos are a factor. I wouldnt want my attorney to have tattoos all over their arms. Yes, umpteen businesses will allow one that cant be seen, many feel it is not agreeable in the work place. Many do not allow nose piercings to worn at work along with chin, and lip. It is their business a nd if they feel it makes a bad presentation or statement about employees that should be there choice No. Its up to the employer. They dont have to hire you if you have a tattoo and they shouldnt be forced to do so. Same as a smoker, drinker, etc. Im talking private sector now.Im sure there are some politicians working on government requirements to have a quota of at least 10% people with tattoos. nope. There are only a few illegal categories for discrimination much(prenominal) as sex, age over 40, race, etc. tats are way down the line from those. I have ink but it is on my biceps & hidden most of the time. I know people with full sleeves, skull & even facial tats. cardinal mans head is mostly green. They knew before they did it that they were making a life decision. Absolutely not For one thing, having a tat is a risky behavior one that many employers may not want in an employee.Another is that many people who buy goods think that tats where you can see them is tacky, and may sho p elsewhere. No one is entitled to work at a place where their personal looks or behavior is to the detriment of the business Is It Legal for Employers to reject job-seekers because they have piercings or tattoos? legal? YES, unless. the tattoos/piercings are related to a bona-fide religion and/or ethnicity and the employment decision was made based on that religion/ethnicity. this is a grey area that the EEOC can assist in but generally it is legal for an employer to have such(prenominal) a policy EDITThis is taken from the EEOC website and the accommodation for tattoos and piercings COULD fall under this. Employers must reasonably appease employees sincerely held religious practices unless doing so would impose an undue hardship on the employer. A reasonable religious accommodation is any adjustment to the work environment that will allow the employee to practice his religion. An employer might maintain an employees religious beliefs or practices by allowing flexible scheduling, voluntary substitutions or swaps, job reassignments and lateral transfers, sporting or not, its life.There are laws about bias for race/gender/religion but naught about appearance of non-naturally occurring features. Certainly employers can reject an applicant for the reason of appearance mayhap their customer base would not respond appropriately to piercings or tattoos or unusual hair color. Im sure there are some positions where it would not be a conundrum, but I cant see those being assets in a law firm or score office. Some places prohibit visible piercings and tattoos (schools for example). Strictly legal, piercings/tattoos are NOT set out as a special category of people.In Federal discrimination laws, those categories are sex, age, race, nationality, ethnic origin, religion, disability, marital or multitude status. So, since Federal law has not made piercings/tattoos a distinct discrimination basis or category, it would not be illegal under Federal discrimination law to reject an employee due to this. State laws unremarkably follow the same basis on discrimination as the Federal law with few exceptions. So unless you could link piercings/tattoos to an existing discrimination base, fair or not, that is a reasonable reason to reject a person.Employers look at a persons ability to do the job, and they look at rubber issues. For example a person who has only one arm may be rejected for a job where he must lift a certain poundage and throw heavy ropes, such as a long shore man. The person with one arm may feel that is unfair, but if he cannot do the job or must rely on other workers to do his work the rejection is legal. A person with a piercing may have the potential of a safety problem in a fast moving assembly line where people are not even allowed to wear wedding rings.EDIT for those who do not understand the law and how discrimination may be perceived this is directly from the EEOC, tattoos fall under the same guidelines as a dress code so ther e are instances where not hiring just due to the tattoos COULD be seen as discrimination and could cause the employer problems if nothing more than having to defend their reasoning While an employer may require all workers to follow a supply dress code even if the dress code conflicts with some workers ethnic beliefs or practices, a dress code must not treat some employees less favorably because of their national origin.

Constitutional and social development between 1860 and 1877 Essay

From the time of Lincolns inauguration in 1860 to the last(a) withdrawal of union troops from the South in 1877, the nation of America had been one of great revolutions. on that point was constant development in this time both socially and constitutionally. For instance, some constitutional developments that irrupted conflict were the drug withdrawal of the confederate states, the Emancipation Proclamation, the three civil rights bills, and the reconstruction. Some social developments that caused conflict were the Freedmens Bureau, the Black Codes, and the Ku Klux Klan. It was a result of these developments that the Revolutions of the Civil War, Reconstruction, and the Redeemers would take place. The great change these revolutions brought about were vital in the development of this unsophisticatedOne of the constitutional developments that caused a revolution during this time frame, had to do with the South Carolina Declaration of Causes of Secession, which is stated in Document A. The southerners felt that it was their constitutional right to own slaves and did not see a time when they should be required to give up that right. However, upon the election of Lincoln as President, the southerners felt threatened, and felt their slave retentivity rights were being threatened, and in an effort to protect these rights they chose to secede from the union. This action angered the President and many Republicans because they believed that it was unconstitutional for a state to secede. Senator John Sherman on the other hand believed that they gave the states too much power and rights in government that this is the reason the government being overthrown.One of the social developments that caused a revolution was the Freedmens Bureau. The Freedmens Bureau was supposed to give Homesteads to the freed slaves, but they failed to keep their promise, as stated in Document E. In document I the picture shows that even thought the freedmen were given freedom after the Civil, other groups such as the White League and the KKK still tried to suppress their rights as human citizens. For instance, the KKK would burn black-owned buildings and take freedman to them from exercising their voting rights.Another development that caused a revolution was the Reconstruction Act.Looking at Document F you can see that Senator Lot Morrill thinks that the Civil Rights Act of 1866 is revolutionary. But he was barbarous because there was already a revolution taking place and nobody knew or cared. The speech brought up many questions about what had to be fixed and what kind of revolution would occur. These are the many developments that brought on a revolution that helped or hurt the country. This is one of the revolutions that helped shape this country.

Corpus Linguistics Essay

origination This paper includes in buildation somewhat head philology, its connection with lexicology and comment. The latter is the most essential one and I am keen on finding and introducing something which is mainly connected with my future profession. Frankly speaking that was not an easy pilgrimage but I am hopeful it is destined to be successful. A dealer is an electronically stored parade of samples of by nature get alongring quarrel. Most neo corpora be at least 1 jillion wrangling in size and be either of complete texts or of boastful extracts from long texts. usually the texts be selected to represent a type of communication or a variety of nomenclature for font, a head whitethorn be compiled to represent the slope riding habitd in history textbooks, or Canadian French, or Internet discussions of genetic modification. Corpora are investigated through the employment of dedicated software. head t severallyer philology whoremaster be regarded as a sop histicated method of finding answers to the kinds of questions linguists have al trends asked. A large head t to each oneer lav be a test bed for hypotheses and goat be utilize to match a quantitative dimension to m whatsoever linguistic studies.It is besides true, however, that star software presents the researcher with war crying in a var. that is not normally encountered and that this bottom highlight patterning that often goes unnoticed. dealer linguistics has also, therefore, led to a reassessment of what run-in is similar. During this journey we will try to find out What is head Linguistics head teacher Linguistics Terms and Their Meanings History of principal Linguistics Resources and Methodologies for Corpus Linguistics, Corpora Translation Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory, Corpus-Based Descriptions So fasten the seat belts we are flyingWhat is Corpus Linguistics? Corpus linguistics is a bailiwick of spoken communication and a method of linguistic analysis which uses a collection of natural or real expression texts cognise as principal. Corpus linguistics is used to break down and research a number of linguistic questions and offers a unique insight into the dynamic of language which has make it one of the most widely used linguistic methodologies. Since school principal linguistics involves the use of large corpora that consist of millions or sometimes even billion rowing, it relies heavily on the use of ready reckoners to determine what rules govern the languageand what patters ( well-formed or lexical for instance) occur.Thus it is not surprising that corpus linguistics emerged in its modern form only after the computer revolution in the 1980s. The brownish Corpus, the first modern and electronically clean-cut corpus, however, was created by Henry Kucera and W. Nelson Francis as untimely as the 1960s. Corpus Linguistics Terms and Their Meanings Corpus (plural corpora). It refers to a collection of systematically or randomly collected texts of natural language which is electronically stored and processed. Corpus nates consist of texts in asingle or multiple languages.It check intos a large number of texts which throw overboard the researchers to 1 / 6 analyse linguistic rules but the corpus does not represent the entire language, no matter how large it is. Multilingual corpus. Like its name suggests, multilingual corpus consists of texts in multiple languages. Parsed corpus (treebank). It is a collection of texts in naturally occurring language in which each sentence is parsed syntactically analysed and annotated. syntactic analysis is typically given in a tree-like structure which is why parsed corpus is also known as treebank. Parallel corpora.The term refers to a collection of texts which are translations of each other. Annotation. It refers to an extension of the text by addition of sundry(a) linguistic information. Examples include parsing, tagging, etc. Annotation is often used in commendation to corpora as op wash upd to annotated corpora which consist of plain text in the raw state. Collocation. It refers to a sequence or pattern in which the address appear together or co-occur. Concordance. The term encompasses a word or phrase and its immediate mount.In corpus linguistics, concordance is used to analyse different use of a single word, word frequency andphrases or idioms. Orthography. It is a standardised writing system of a extra language and includes various grammatical rules such as spelling, capitalisation and punctuation marks. Orthography can pose a problem in analysis of writing systems which use accents because the native speakers of these languages sometimes use secondary characters to the accented letters or omit them completely.Token. It is an occurrence of an individual word which is plays an important role in the so-called tokenisation that involves division of the text or collection of dustup into token. This method is oftenused in the withdraw of languages which do not delimit oral communication with space. Lemmasation. The term derives from the word lemma which refers to a enclothe of different forms of a single word such as laugh and laughed for example. Lemmasation is the process of grouping of the words that have the same meaning. Wildcard.It refers to special characters such as question mark (? ) or asterisk (*) which can represent a character or word. 3A perspective. It is a research method that is used in corpus linguistics which was introduced by S. Wallis and G. Nelson. 3A stands for annotation, abstraction and analysis. History of Corpus LinguisticsHistory of corpus linguistics is typically divided into two periods early corpus linguistics, also known as pre-Chomsky corpus linguistics and modern corpus linguistics The early examples of corpus linguistics date to the late 19th century Germany.In 1897, German linguist J. Kading used a large corpus consisting of about 11 million words to analyse distribution of the letters and their sequences in German language. The impressively sized corpus that corresponds with the size of a modern corpus was revolutionary at the time.Other early linguists to use corpus to study language include Franz Boas (Handbook of NativeAmerican Indian Languages, 1911), Zellig Harris (Methods in Structural Linguistics, 1951), Charles C. Fries (The structure of face, 1952), Leonard Bloomfield (Language, 1933), Archibald A. Hill and others, generally American structural and field linguists. Some of them such as Fries and A. Aileen Traver also started to use corpus in pedagogical study of unusual language.In 1961, Henry Kucera and W. Nelson Francis from the Brown University started to work on the Brown University Standard Corpus of Present-Day American English, commonly known simply as the Brown Corpus which is the first modern, electronically readable corpus.It consists of 1 million word American English texts that are unionised into 15 categories . For the modern standards of corpus linguistics, the Brown Corpus is kind of small, however, it is widely considered one of the most important works in history of corpus linguistics. But this was also the time of Chomskys criticism of corpus linguistics which would result in a period of decline. Chomsky rejected the use of corpus as a tool for linguistic studies, arguing that linguist must model language on competence instead of performance. And according to Chomsky, corpus does allow 2 / 6 language modelling on competence.Corpus linguistics was not abandoned completely, however, it was not until the 1980s when linguists began to show an increased interest in the use of corpus for research. The revival of corpus linguistics and its emergence in the modern form was greatly influenced by the coming of computers and network technology in the 1980s which allowed the linguists to use electronic language samples as well as electronic tools.The use of computers, however, dates back to t he early 1970s when the Montreal French Project developed the first computerised form of spoken language, while Jan Svartvik began to work on the London-Lund corpus with the aid of theBrown Corpus and the Survey of English Usage (SEU) at University College London.All mentioned works before the 1980s as well as the early examples of corpus linguistics paved the way to modern study of language on the basis of corpora as we know it today. The term corpus linguistics has been finally adopted after J. Aarts and W. Meijs published Corpus linguistics Recent breedings in the use of computer corpora in English language research in 1984. Resources and Methodologies for Corpus Linguistics, Corpora The basic resource for corpus linguistics is a collection of texts, called a corpus.Corpora can be of variable sizes, are compiled for different purposes, and are composed of texts of different types. All corpora are homogeneous to a sealed extent they are composed of texts from one language or on e variety of a language or one register, etc. They also are all heterogeneous to a certain extent, in that at the very least they are composed of a number of different texts. Most corpora contain information in addition to the texts that make them up, such as information about the texts themselves, part-of- speech tags for each word, and parsing information. ?What Corpus Linguistics DoesGives an access to naturalistic linguistic information. As mentioned before, corpora consist of real word texts which are mostly a product of real life situations. This makes corpora a valuable research source for dialectology, sociolinguistics and stylistics. Facilitates linguistic research. Electronically readable corpora have dramatically reduced the time needed to find particular words or phrases. A research that would take days or even years to complete manually can be done in a matter of seconds with the highest degree of accuracy. Enables the study of wider patterns and collocation of words. i n the lead the advent of computers, corpus linguistics was studying only single words and their frequency. Modern technology allowed the study of wider patters and collocation of words. Allows analysis of multiple parameters at the same time. Various corpus linguistics software programmes, online trade and analytical tools allow the researchers to analyse a larger number of parameters simultaneously. In addition, many corpora are enriched with various linguistic information such as annotation.Facilitates the study of the second language. Study of the second language with the use of naturallanguage allows the students to get a better feeling for the language and learn the language like it is used in real rather than invented situations. What Corpus Linguistics Does Not Does not explain why. The study of corpora tells us what and how happened but it does not tell us why the frequency of a particular word has increased over time for instance. Does not represent the entire language.Cor pus linguistics studies the language by using randomly or systematically selected corpora. They typically consist of a large number of naturally occurring texts, however, they do not represent the entire language.Linguistic analyses that use the methods and tools of corpus linguistics thus do not represent the entire language. Searches, Software, and Methodologies Corpora are interrogated through the use of dedicated software, the nature of which inevitably reflects assumptions about methodology in corpus investigation. At the most basic level, corpus software . searches the corpus for a given target item, 3 / 6 . counts the number of instances of the target item in the corpus and calculates congress frequencies, . displays instances of the target item so that the corpus user can carry out further investigation.It is homely that corpus methodologies are essentially quantitative. Indeed, corpus linguistics has been criticized for allowing only the observation of congeneric quantit y and for weakness to expand the explanatory power of linguistic theory (for discussion, see Meyer, 2002 25). It is shown in this article that corpus linguistics can indeed enrich language theory, though only if preconceptions about what that theory consists of are allowed to change. Here, however, we leave that argument aside as we review corpus investigation software in more than than detail. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory, Corpus-Based Descriptions.As has been noted, corpus linguistics is essentially a methodology or set of methodologies, rather than a theory of language description. Essentially, corpus linguistics means this . expression at naturally occurring language . looking at relatively large amounts of such language . notice relative frequencies, either in raw form or mediated through statistical operations . observing patterns of association, either between a feature and a text type or between groups of words.reduced to its essence in this way, corpus ling uistics appears to be theory neutral, although thepractice of doing corpus linguistics is never neutral, as each practitioner defines what is meant by a feature and what frequencies should be observed, in line with a theoretical approach to what matters in language. Approaches to the use of a corpus that essentially rely on the macrocosm of categories derived from noncorpus investigations of language are sometimes referred to as corpus based (Tognini-Bonelli, 2001).Studies of this kind can test hypotheses arising from grammatical descriptions based on intuition or on limited data. Experiments have been designed specifically to do this (Nelson et al., 2002 257283).For example, Meyer (2002 78) describes work on ellipsis from a typological and psycholinguistic point of view that predicts that of the three doable clause locations of ellipsis in American spoken English, one will be much more frequent than the others. A corpus study reveals this to be an accurate prediction. On the oth er hand, the study of pseudo-titles mentioned in the plane section Languages and Varieties shows how assumptions about language in this instance about the influence of one variety of English on another can be shown to be false. Biber et al.(1999 7) comment that corpus-based analysis of grammatical structure can uncover characteristics that were previously unsuspected. They mention as examples of this the surprisingly high frequency of complex relative clause constructions in conversation, and the frequency of simplified grammatical constructions in academic prose. A clearer integration between linguistic theory and corpus linguistics is demonstrated by Matthiessens work on probability (see the section Probability).This work takes its categories from an existing description of English (Hallidays (1985) systemic functionalgrammar), but the corpus study was more integral to the theory, as it was the only way that statements about probability of occurrence of each item in the system could be made with accuracy. Corpus-Driven Descriptions However, more radical challenges to language description can be found. Sinclair (1991, 2004) argues that the kind of patterning observable in a corpus (and nowhere else) necessitate descriptions of a markedly different kind from those commonly available.Both the descriptions and the theories that they in turn inspire are, in Tognini-Bonellis (2001) terms, corpus driven. Someof the challenges to tradition that corpus-driven theories involve are these . Lexis and grammar are not distinct, and grammar is not an abstract system vestigial language . Choice of any kind is heavily restricted by choice of lexis . Meaning is not atomistic, residing in words, but prosodic, belonging to variable social units of meaning and always located in texts.4 / 6 Evidence for these conveys is presented in the section Observing patterned behavior above. The notion of pattern grammar focuses on the way that different lexical items behave different ly in terms of how they are complemented.Grammatical generalizations about complementation cannot be made without describing that individual lexical behavior. Similarly, choice between features such as positive and interdict depends to some extent on lexical item, as some verbs (such as afford) occur in the disconfirming much more frequently than most. In other words, the probability of any grammatical categorys occurring is strongly affected not only by the register but also by the lexis used. Finally, the indorse of phraseology is that it makes more sense to see meaning as belonging to phrases than to individual words.Findings such as these have led many writers to see a need for descriptions of language that are radically different from those currently available. Sinclair (1991, 2004) proposes, for example, that meaning be seen as belonging to units of meaning, each unit being describable in the way set out in He criticized conventional grammar for distinguishing between stru ctures (a series of slots) and lexis (the fillers), such that it appears that any slot can be filled by any filler there are no restrictions other than what the speaker wishes to say.This is clearly sometimes the case, andwhen it is, Sinclair Translation Corpora can be used to train translators, used as a resource for practicing translators, and used as a means of studying the process of translation and the kinds of choices that translators make. Parallel corpora are often used in these applications, and software exists that will align two corpora such that the translation of each sentence in the original text is immediately identifiable. This allows one to observe how a given word has been translated in different contexts.One interesting finding is that apparently equivalent words such as English go and Swedish ga , orEnglish with and German mit (Viberg, 1996 Schmied and Fink, 2000) occur as translations of each other in only a minority of instances. This suggests differences in the ways those languages use the items concerned. More generally, examination of parallel corpora emphasizes that what translators translate is not the word but a larger unit (Teubert andC ? erma? kova? , 2004).Although a single word may have many equivalents when translated, a word in context may well have only one such equivalent. For example, although travail as an individual word is sometimes translated as work and sometimes as labor, the phrase travaux pre?paratoires is translated only as preparatory work. Thus, Teubert and C ? erma? kova? argue, travaux pre? paratoires and preparatory work may be considered to be equivalent translation units, whereas no such claim can be made for travaux and work. As well as giving information about languages, corpus studies have also indicated that translated language is not the same as nontranslated language.Studies of corpora of translated texts have shown that they tend to have high incidences of very frequent words and that they tend to be more explicit in terms of grammar (Baker, 1993). They may also be influenced by the structureof the source language, as was indicated in the discussion of wh- clefts in English and Swedish in the section Languages and Varieties. In communities where people read a large number of translated texts, the foreign language, via its translations, may even influence the home language. Gellerstam (1996) notes that some words in Swedish have interpreted on the meanings of English that look similar and argues that this is because translators tend to translate the English word with the similar looking Swedish word, thereby using the Swedish word with a new meaning, which then enters the language.One example is the Swedish word dramatisk, which used to indicate something relating to drama but which now, like the English word dramatic, also means substantial and surprising. Conclusion So every journey has its end. Ours isnt an exception. It was a long journey but it was worth it. Corpus lingu istics is a relatively new discipline, and a fast-changing one. As computer resources, particularly web-based ones, develop, sophisticated corpus investigations come within the reach of 5 / 6 the ordinary translator, language learner, or linguist.Our understanding of the ways that types oflanguage might vary from one another, and our appreciation of the ways that words pattern in language, have been immeasurably improved by corpus studies. Even more significant, perhaps, is the development of new theories of language that take corpus research as their starting point. The list of used writings 1. M. A. K. Halliday Lexicology and Corpus Linguistics 2. Teubert and C ? erma? kova? 2004 3. Wallis, S. and Nelson G. cognition discovery in grammatically analysed corpora. Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 5 307340. 2001 POWERED BY TCPDF (WWW. TCPDF. ORG)