Ordovician Life in Ohio Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Ordovician Life in Ohio - Research Paper Example This essay functions to consider the Ordovician sea life in the state of Ohio. In developing this examination it presents a brief investigation into the geological and general scientific elements related to the Ordovician period and then investigates the sea life that existed during this time. Ordovician Background The Ordovician period is a categorical definition of a period in geologic history. It roughly covers the time between 488 and 443 million years ago and falls within the Paleozoic Era. The period itself was named after a Celtic tribe of the Ordovices and gained its definition in the 19th century. The period itself is recognized as starting during the Cambrian-Ordovician extinction events. In total, the period lasted for approximately 44.6 million years and concluded with the onset of the Ordovician-Silurian extinction event, which distinguishes nearly 60% of marine genera (Moore, Teichert 1978). These dates and distinguishing elements represent slight estimations, as they s hift occasionally with the discovery of new radiometric patterns; the exact time period differs as sources disagree over various data elements. Within the Ordovician period, there are a great many subdivisions, as distinguished by the years in which they occurred. One of the primary concerns of this era is in relation to paleogeography. Paleogeography indicates that during this period sea levels were generally high (Moore and Teichert 1978). Indeed, it’s been noted that the Ordovician period witnessed the As one later considers the Ordovician period in terms of the state of Ohio they will recognize that sea level and continent positioning was drastically different. During this period the southern area continents were part of one whole referred to as Gondwana. In addition to Gondwana there was also the continent of Baltica and Siberia, both which are now parts of present-day northern Europe, but at the time separate entities. In terms of the state of Ohio, the North American c ontent was linked and referred to as Laurentia. There was tremendous geological change during this period, with underwater volcanoes emerging that would go on to form the Appalachian mountain range. Ordovician Life Abundant life emerged during the Cambrian period, and this life carried over to the proceeding Ordovician period. This life evolved and divided into new species many of which existed throughout what would later become the Ohio region. While fossilized sea life has been discovered throughout Ohio, perhaps the most prominent discoveries have come in the southwestern region of the state. It has even jokingly been noted that if one were to remove all of the Ordovician rocks from the Cincinnati area, then the state would once again fall below sea level. While there are a variety of sea life fossils that have been discovered in Ohio, scientists have identified a number as the most prominent. One of the most prominent such sea life fossils in Ohio are bryozoans. It’s been indicated that these animals, â€Å"lived in branching, tree-like colonies or flattened, encrusting masses on shells of other invertebrates. In some areas, bryozoans litter the outcrop. Brachiopods are no less spectacularly abundant than bryozoans and are a favorite of the beginning collector.

The character of Macbeth throughout the play Essay Example for Free

The character of Macbeth throughout the play Essay Macbeth is one of Shakespeares four great tragedies, which contain witchcraft, treason, and bloody murder. In the following essay, I will be writing about the way I feel towards the character of Macbeth throughout the play and the way in which he changes. Does Shakespeare present him in such a way that we can to some extent understand, even feel for this disloyal, self seeking murderer or can we relate to Malcolms description of him as the dead butcher? Our views on Macbeth change throughout the play because Shakespeare portrays him in many different ways. At the beginning of the play he is seen as a brave soldier, at the top of his profession and rewarded by King Duncan of Scotland. He is spoken about as Brave Macbeth and Worthy gentlemen after his heroism in battle, only to later become cruel and unjust. He had defeated the Norwegians and on his way home meets three witches. The audience in Shakespeares time believed in witches and their sinister side, leaving the audience sceptical when Macbeth communicates with them, leading us to believe he is connected with evil. The witches then give Macbeth three predictions: All hail Macbeth! Hail to the thane of Glamis! All hail Macbeth! Hail to thee thane of Cawdor! All hail Macbeth! That shalt be king hereafter. Macbeth is already thane of Glamis but chooses not to believe the witches because he feels that the Thane of Cawdor is alive. Soon after some messengers come and deliver, the news to Macbeth that he has been granted the thaneship of due to a treasonous crime committed on the Thane of Cawdors behalf. Macbeth starts to believe that a third prediction is likely to occur, given that the first two appear to have. Two truths are told, as the happy prologues to the swelling act of the imperial theme. Macbeths fatal flaw of ambition then overcomes him and he begins to contemplate regicide which, he feels is the only way of becoming King, My thought, whose murder is yet but fantastical. The attitude of the audience changes completely, however, the next time Macbeth meets up with the witches. Sympathy cannot be felt for Macbeth, as it is he who goes to the witches, not the contrary. At this stage, we cannot help but speculate concerning Macbeths apparent involvement with the evil forces, suggesting that he may have some evil present in him. One of the witches confirms this when admitting, Something wicked this way comes. Macbeth turns to the witches because of his insecurity. He is the subject of growing suspicion among many people, despite obtaining his ambition of kingship. On the contrary, he was enlightened when first meeting the witches that Banquos sons would be kings. This implies that children will be unable to follow Macbeth in the line of royalty and intrinsically apprehends Macbeth. In an attempt to find out how to keep his throne, Macbeth confronts the witches about his future. He is consequently granted three apparitions: Beware Macduff, None of woman born shall harm Macbeth. Moreover, Macbeth shall never vanquished be until Great Birnam wood to high Dunsinane hill shall come against him. These apparitions are all ambiguous, deliberately intended to mystify Macbeth and the audience. Why does Macbeth have to be cautious of Macduff? If no born son of a woman can harm Macbeth then who can? It is possible for a wood to move of its own accord so did Macbeth have nothing to fear? The ambiguousness of these apparitions and the manner in which Macbeth interprets them makes Macbeth over confident with regards to his safety because we later learn in the play that Macduff was not born of woman but of caesarean. We also learn that Macduff and Malcolms army cut down Birnam Wood and uses it as camouflage to get closer to Macbeths fortress without him seeing them. With the information they feed him with, the witches offer a hand of encouragement for Macbeths decisions (e.g. he kills Banquo because the witches say that Banquos sons will be kings) but are never responsible for what Macbeth does. They simply put ideas into his head, acting as a catalyst for his actions. The main influence on Macbeth, however, is his wife, Lady Macbeth, portrayed as a manipulative and domineering power. When Lady Macbeth hears about the predictions of the witches she immediately ponders murdering king Duncan. She realises, however, that although Macbeth is very ambitious, Thou art not without ambition, he is too compassionate to carry out the murder, I fear thy nature, is too full o th milk of human kindness. Lady Macbeth therefor formulates a plan. Lady Macbeth honours and loves her husband very much. She also conscious of her husbands reluctance to be thought of as a coward and when refusing to go ahead with murdering the king We will proceed no further in this business, uses the weakness to insult his manliness Was the hope drunk Wherein you dressed yourself? She therefor manipulates him into agreeing to commit the regicide. At this point in the play, we feel some compassion towards Macbeth, as he is weak in resisting his wifes ever growing influence. We become wary of the responsibility Lady Macbeth has on her husbands change of heart. Interesting to note, also, that at Shakespears time the husband would have been the dominant partner, and therefor the audience would have been cynical towards Lady Macbeth for her scheming ways and rare ability of being authoritative over her husband. In the scene just before Macbeth goes to kill Duncan he initially decides himself in his soliloquy to murder Duncan, despite the profound reasons not to. Macbeth appreciates Duncans fine qualities- his humility and his integrity in carrying out to perfection the tasks of kingship and knows that to destroy such virtue would be a crime against heaven. This leaves the audience divided in their opinions concerning Lady Macbeths influence on the plot. At this stage, I remain indefinite as to whether Macbeth really is the ruthless party in the murder or whether his wifes influence is the decisive passage. Lady Macbeths moral conscience is not as evident as her husbands. She is now the stronger of the two, and Macbeth cannot stand up to her accusations that he is a coward, lacking in manliness, and a traitor to his word. He yields to her, and in order to prove himself a man in his eyes submits to a womans guidance. Despite this, the couple has an affectionate relationship My dearest Love. Eventually the only loyalty that Lady Macbeth and have is their loyalty for each other. Disloyalty is shown when Macbeth murders the king just to make sure he keeps the throne. Unreasonable ambition takes over, with the consequence of loosing the things that were once important to the both of them. Lady Macbeth not only influences Macbeth on the murder of King Duncan but Macbeth also advances in killing his dearest friend Banquo and the wife and children of Macduff. When hearing of these unruly murders and realising that her husband is behind them she is driven insane by the sheer grotesqueness of them, The thane of Fire had a wife; where is she now? before her eventual act of suicide. Although not greatly evident King Duncan himself is a significant influence on Macbeth. Duncan is a very bad judge of character. He trusted the Thane of Cawdor He was a gentleman on whom I built absolute trust. However, The Thane of Cawdor turned out to be a traitorous villain. Duncan then gives Macbeth the thaneship of Cawdor. This is Dramatic irony as he is giving Macbeth the title of a traitor. This is also the wrong step because it raises Macbeth above all the other lords. Duncan praises Macbeth for his bravery at war, consequently making the other lords envious of Macbeth, and raising Macbeths ego. These three influences, the witches, Lady Macbeth and Duncan contribute significantly to Macbeths change in character throughout the play. The story unfolds as follows: The first time we hear about Macbeth is when the witches mention his name. This would make the audience feel uneasy and they would wonder why Macbeth is associated with evil. Their minds are then put at rest when the captain refers to him as Brave Macbeth. Macbeth is portrayed as a hero. He defeats the Norwegians and is rewarded with the thaneship of Cawdor so the audience admires him. They think that he is a loyal and worthy subject to the king. Then the witches meet with Macbeth; the audience would begin to have doubts about his loyalty when he starts contemplating about murdering the king. Macbeth then admits If chance will have me king, why, chance may crown me, without my stir. This emphasises that he is still unsure about having to murder King Duncan and at this point feels that if the witches have predicted it then fate will make him king without him having to do anything. King Duncan then names his son Malcolm as heir with Macbeth realising that he cannot become king unless he does something about it, That is a step On which I must fall down, or else oer-leap. Macbeth thinks a great deal about murdering the king and reasons for it and in his soliloquies the audience would see his thoughts and begin to feel sorry for him because his ambition is so strong that it is having a psychological effect on him. Nevertheless, in the end, despite the many doubts ultimately decides himself to kill Duncan. The audience can no longer feel sympathy for his actions because the decision to kill the king is his own; they would feel horror and dissatisfaction because of what he has done. During the time that Shakespeare was alive and Macbeth was first shown on stage people thought that regicide was a horrific crime and he who commits it, was eternally damned to hell. After Macbeth kills Duncan, he meets with Lady Macbeth. This scene (act 2 scene 2) is the plays most tense and dramatic. At the beginning, we see Lady Macbeth by herself in an agitated state. Every small noise unsettles her Hark! When Macbeth intrudes the pace changes, with the distinct exchange of questions and answers between them. This emphasises their state of nerves. We get an insight into Lady Macbeths character and the part she has played in the murder and also a little hint of weakness on her behalf when discovering that she went to kill Duncan but couldnt because he reminded her of her father, Had he not resembled My father as he slept, I had donet. We hear how Macbeths preoccupation with not being able to pronounce amen after hearing the prayer demonstrates his state of mind his guilt and his awareness that he has sold out to evil and the powers of darkness. Because Macbeth is so tense he forgets to leave the daggers at the murder scene and when Lady Macbeth tells him to take them back he says, I am afraid to think what I have done; Look ont again I dare not. Therefore, Lady Macbeth takes them back. When she goes to return the daggers Macbeth has a short soliloquy. This gives us an insight into his state of mind. He is full of guilt, will all great Neptunes ocean wash this blood Clean from my hands? This means that he cannot rid of the guilt. As a knocking is heard on the castle gates, Lady Macbeth returns but her husband is already regretting what he has done saying, Wake Duncan with thy knocking! I would thy couldst! Duncans sons Malcolm and Donalbain then flee the country for fear that their turn to be murdered will come so Macbeth becomes king. Despite having this title he is still insecure, with the prediction from the witches of Banquos sons becoming king, Macbeth decides that he has to prevent this fate and therefor hires murderers without Lady Macbeths knowledge to kill Banquo. This shows the audience how their relationship is breaking up. We are shocked at Macbeths decision to kill Banquo because he was Banquos best friend. After Banquo is murdered Macbeth hallucinates, he sees the ghost of Banquo covered in blood sitting in his chair at a banquet. All Macbeths lords are present but they cannot see the ghost, Lady Macbeth tries to relax him when saying, you look on but a stool. She tells him that what he is seeing is merely an illusion like the air drawn dagger which led him to Duncan. This indicates that after the murders Macbeth has a guilty, unquiet mind. He fears every one and in front of all the lords, he proclaims himself unstable. To the audience it appears as if Macbeth is turning insane and they sympathise with him because he has lost every thing dear to him: his best friend, his absolute trust and loyalty to his wife and the security of lots of friends who support him. Because of this insecurity, Macbeth pays the witches a visit with them showing him the three apparitions. With theses apparitions Macbeth is re-assured, his interpretation of them leads him to think that he cannot be harmed Then live, Macduff: what need I fear of thee? Macbeth then finds out that Macduff has fled to England in an attempt to encourage Malcolm to bring an army to fight Macbeth, filling him with anger. This provokes him to get revenge on Macduff: The castles of Macduff I will surprise, Seize upon Fife, give to thedge othsword His wife, his babes, and all unfortunate souls That trace him in his line. This would horrify the audience; the modern day audience would be more horrified at this murder than the 17th century audience who would think that regicide is worse. The modern day audience would feel nothing but contempt for Macbeths act of slaughtering women and children. Macbeths character at this point is completely destroyed; No heroism, loyalty, or any good qualities that he once had are left. No sympathy can now be given from the audiences point of view or any other character in the play. Lady Macbeth commits suicide because of guilty conscience regarding what she has done and what Macbeth has done. Macbeth subsequently hears that Malcolm and Macduff are coming towards him with a great army, He is not too worried because of the witches apparitions and he says I will not be afraid of death and bane Till Birnam forest come to Dunsinane. Macbeth receives the news of his wifes death and through his soliloquy reveals that he cannot grieve for her, due to having his mind in the direction of battle She should have died hereafter. Only at this point does Macbeth realise that he has nothing left and all because of his over ambition. A messenger later comes and announces that Birnam wood is moving. The armies of Malcolm and Macduff have cut down the forest and used it as camouflage. Macbeth begins to lose hope and feels like they have tied him to a stake. In addition, he cannot fly. Nevertheless, he decides that he will fight on Ill fight, till from my bones my flesh be hacked. Macbeth then sets out to fight he kills a man and still holds on to the apparition from the witches that no one born of a woman shall harm him, Swords I smile at, weapons laugh to scorn, Brandished by man thats of a woman born. Macduff confronts Macbeth and Macbeth is not very fearful of him because of the witches apparition. He says to Macduff: With thy keen sword impress as make me bleed: Let fall thy blade on vulnerable crests, I bear a charmed life, which must not yield To one of woman born. Macduff then replies saying that he was not of woman born; he was from his mothers womb Untimely ripped Macbeth now knows that Macduff is going to kill him but he shows a last bit of courage and he fights on. The audience cannot feel admiration for Macbeth because of what he has done only sympathy because he has noting left, and he knows it. Macduff then kills Macbeth and hails Malcolm as King. At the end of the play, we see Macbeth a respected hero turned into a vengeful villain through unreasonable ambition, with the influences of people around him. He commits regicide, murder, and vengeful slaughter. After the murder of Duncan, Macbeth is horrified to think of what he has done. Shakespeare contrasts Macbeth and his wife in their attitudes of the murder. Lady Macbeth is bold and confident, because she does, not understand that the deed is morally wrong: he only concern is to destroy the evidence. Macbeth, on the other hand, awakens to a consciousness of guilt that will remain with him until his death. At times, Shakespeare encourages the audience to feel sympathy and understanding for Macbeth but at times all that the audience can feel for Macbeth is horror, anger, disgust, and contempt, although at the end of the play he shows tremendous character when facing certain death.

Mr. Collins from Pride and Prejudice Essay -- Pride and Prejudice Jane

Mr. Collins from Pride and Prejudice Mr Collins is a wealthy, high-class clergyman who desires to have the hand of marriage from Elizabeth Bennet of Longbourne. The Bennet family however is not as prosperous as Mr Collins’, and it was on this basis that many marriages were established. During Mr Collins discussion with Elizabeth he declares his intentions to propose and Mrs Bennet gives her consent. When Jane Austin says ‘he set about it in an orderly manner which he supposed a regular part of business’ It demonstrates how Mr Collins being very narrow minded is a man that goes by the beliefs of his society and the period in which he lived in-so he thought that this was to be the right way to propose. When Mr Collins tries to win Elizabeth over he says ‘I singled you out as the companion of my life’ it shows that his decision was based on looks only, according to the convictions of that time the lady would be flattered and eager to accept but this does not alter Elizabeth’s decision. When Mr Collins talks of selecting a wife It showed how low he thought of the o...

Culture and Ethnicity Essay

I would respond to the client’s requests by doing as she has asked. This is because her requests do not make her condition worse or delay its improvement. Intake of fluid actually increases clearance of the airway in her respiratory condition. Nursing care provided to her would be adapted to fit in with her culture as long as her requests are within reasonable limits and thy do not endanger her health. (Potter, Perry and Heath, 1995) Her requests are an indication of the health traditions of her heritage. They show what kind of treatment she expects and her beliefs about health care. Culture is a set of beliefs, traditions and believes that are unique to a group of people and usually they are handed down and hardly ever change with time. These beliefs affect every aspect of life from daily living o ceremonies and include health too (Potter et al, 1995). The requests of the Chinese woman represent the beliefs she has concerning treatment of her illness. Her requests are based on the Yin-Yang Chinese concept of balance. Chinese base their food on choices on the condition of an individual, age and also the general characteristics of the individual. Some conditions are designated Yin (cold) conditions and therefore require Yang foods (hot). In this case, her respiratory condition is one of them (a Yin condition) that require a Yang food, (the warm water). (Feng, 2002). In accordance with Chinese culture, cold drinks should be avoided as they add an extra burden to the digestive system; hence her requests for warm water. (www. dhansanjivani. org/) According to the Chinese, one should eat according to the nature of their conditions. The nature of the condition is determined by observation, according to her, (the Chinese woman) the condition she has is a Yin condition and she therefore needs to eat Yang foods. Milk and bread are neutral foods and the salad is a Yin food, the foods served to her are not relevant to her condition. The belief that the digestive system should not be overburdened, may also have led her to refusing the food. Most Chinese prefer foods that are easy to digest when they are ill such as soups and the lady may have considered the turkey a burden to her digestive system. (www. dhyansanjivani. org). REFERENCES Chinese Food Therapy, retrieved from www. dhansanjivani. org/chinese-food. asp Feng C (2002) Merging Chinese Traditional Medicine into the American Health System, Journal of Young Investigators vol. 6, Issues 5. Perry G A, Potter P. A and Health (1995) Potter and Perry’s Fundamentals in Nursing Theory and Practice, Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 072342005X

Nathaniel Hawthorne vs. Shirley Jackson Analysis Essay

As a common reader I’ve come across many authors that have intrigued me due their style of writing, choice of words, paramount of symbolism, sense of irony, use of color, etc†¦ but no two authors have caught my attention more than Nathaniel Hawthorne and Shirley Jackson. These two authors are completely different in every way including their writing styles! Both of these authors have written short stories that have been extremely famous with the public. For example, Nathaniel Hawthorne is mostly known for his famous short story called â€Å"The Scarlett Letter.† Shirley Jackson on the other hand, is best known for her thrilling short story called â€Å"The Lottery.† After reading a short story from these two authors’, you’ll quickly notice why they are so difference from each other! Nathaniel Hawthorne was born on July 4, 1804 in Salem, MA. After losing his father, Hawthorne began taking a grand interest in his dad’s worldwide adventures ! He even began reading the logbooks his father had submitted while he was at sea! (BRD Groupe Societe Generate) As the years went by, Nathaniel left home and attended college until 1825 where he graduates and returns home to begin his writing experience. When Nathaniel returned home, he began his writing in semi-seclusion, leading him to write with the style he did and the topics he chose. As I mentioned earlier, â€Å"The Scarlett Letter† is one of Hawthorne’s most famous short stories and one of the best examples to capture his character as a person. This particular short story demonstrates Nathaniel’s writing style to the fullest!! He has a very formal, romantic, fictitious, way of writing and you can clearly pick it up as you read each page! His writing has even been criticized by many other readers. For instance, William Heath who has been known to analyze the sexual element of Hawthorne’s writings, finding a â€Å"profound ambivalence towards women† in many of his works. He speculates about the deeper sexual tension in Hawthorne’s life and how it surfaces in his books. He discusses his sexual anxieties, such as his fear of passion with his wife, and possible feelings of incest, which are backed up by family history. He cautions against assuming that he  feared passion because he was incapable of it. He finds Hawthorne to be â€Å"a straight-laced moralist.† His stories tend to become parables to decipher, rather than dramatic. (Literary Criticisms) Nathaniel Hawthorne had something that many authors’ use now a day as an inspiration to write, and that was his beliefs. His beliefs and lifestyle, led him to create themes for his short stories! Hawthorne was known for his extremely descriptive way of writing which made him such an amazing and admirable author. Back in the 19th century, there were no easy ways to produce photographs for books, so Hawthorne made sure to write lengthy, imaginative, visual descriptions so the person reading the story could still feel what he was saying. (BRD Groupe Societe Generate) Besides writing with such great descriptions, Hawthorne was known for conveying modern themes of psychology and human nature through his symbolism. (BRD Groupe Societe Genera te) One unique element about Hawthorne’s writing was he never had any characters confronting themselves and this was all due to his lifestyle! Unfortunately, Nathaniel Hawthorne died on May 19, 1964 at the age of 60. He left with us his classic, old, contemporary classic short novels! Shirley Jackson was born on December 14, 1915 in San Francisco, CA. She spent most of her life in California where she began writing poetry and short novels as a young teenager. When Shirley turned 17 she attended the University of Rochester and sadly withdrew a year later! Shirley Jackson spent a year at home practicing her writing by producing a minimum of a thousand words a day. (Shirley Jackson Biography) In 1937 she attended the University of Syracuse and published her first story called â€Å"Janice†. As the years passed, Jackson began having her stories published in The New Yorker and The New Public and was then offered a teaching position at Bennington College. (Shirley Jackson Biograp hy) By 1948 Shirley Jackson had published her most captivating, exhilarating, chilling short story ever; â€Å"The Lottery.† Her writing style was known as very gothic and dark. She used witchcraft and abnormal psychology to create themes and twisted plots! The great thing about Shirley Jackson was that she was known to write with not just one style of writing, but two! One of them was detached hilarity which is also known as detaching from extreme amusemen;t and the other type of style is known as tenebrous horror, which is also known as dark horror. (Times) Her choice of words were very eerie and gruesome and truly paints a picture in a readers  head that gives goosebumps! Many writers have also criticized Jackson for her way of writing especially being that it’s dusky and deep. Fortunately it has been good critique! It’s been known that a lot of writers, both in and out of the horror genre, know how to create a sense of dread. What makes Jackson’s sensibility so distinctive is that her brand of dread tends to be self-aware and even, at times, self-amused. (Times) Her distinctive way of writing appeared in many other places such as, McCalls, Redbook, The Saturday Evening Post, Harper’s Bazaar and The Ladies’ Home Journal. (Times) Sadly, Shirley Jackson died on August 8, 1965 at the age of 49. Both of these writers are very different because one is romantic and basically coming from ones beliefs and the other is very gloomy and twisted. Shirley Jackson creates a very scary illusion as you read her stories. She makes you feel like you can jump into the book and construct an adventure of your own! Nathaniel Hawthorne on the other hand, takes you to this very soft, modern style. He writes with so much detail that you get sucked into the stories within seconds. Your mind paints vivid pictures due to his imagery! The unique element about both these authors is that they also have a couple things in common. For instance, they both were truly dedicated to their writings and succeeded in allowing a readers imagination to spiral out of control. Another common quality they had was they both wrote in a classic way. Shirley Jackson was best known for writing classic horror and Nathaniel Hawthorne was known for his classic, clarity writing. Personally, my favorite out of the two has to be Nathaniel Hawthorne because his choice of details and words build pictures that make me feel like that story was specifically meant for me! Personally I don’t like scariness so Shirley Jackson would definitely not be one of my top favorite authors! â€Å"Slidashare Present yourself.† Nathaniel Hawthorne. N.p.. Web. 19 Nov 2012. . Raffert, Terrence. â€Å"Her Darkest Place.† Sunday Book Review. The New York Times, 26 2010. Web. 19 Nov 2012. . . â€Å"The Works of Shirley Jackson.† . N.p.. Web. 19 Nov 2012. . . â€Å"BRD GROUPE SOCIETE GENERALE.† Hawthorne Writing Style. N.p.. Web. 19 Nov 2012. .

buy custom Post Cold War essay

buy custom Post Cold War essay After the cold war, the United Nations peacekeeping practices have undergone many changes. During the cold war the deployments usually operated under the ideology of unbiased, non-forcible intervention with the permission of the conflicting parties. As a result, the United Nations principles have been under -increased strain with the United Nations performance coming under severe criticism. The United Nations has been seen to act to gain credibility rather than address the needs in the world. For example the United Nations assisted in fewer activities in the Bosnian war and also over involved itself with Somalia. The concern coming from peacekeeping, which arose from the experience in Somalia, has been under review, favoring new methods that try to find a stronger approach with a greater capacity for peace building (Voeten, 2005). After the cold war the first mission unequivocally labeled as a peacekeeping mission was the UN Emergency Force (UNEFI). This mission was sent to the Sinai Peninsula in rejoinder to the 1956 Suez Crisis to foresee the withdrawal of the British and Israeli forces from the Egyptian territory. As the first armed force to the UN, UNEFI was an important example for other UN missions in the future. The first mission also served as a case study for armed and neutral forces working to restrain conflict. The mission was successful in its objectives since it led to establishment of asset of principles which have served as important guidelines for future missions (Frieden, 2009). The principles derived were as follows The mission should have assent by the parties to the dispute. Avoiding the use of force except for cases of self defense; The force should comprise of intentional assistance of contingents from small, non-partisan countries. The united nation should be impartial The peacekeeping operations must be controlled by the Secretary General. During the Cold War, 13 peacekeeping operations were created. The missions one and only function was to keep an eye on borders and establish buffer zones after cease-fires agreements. From late 1980s to 1994, the peacekeeping missions undertaken worldwide dramatically increased. At the commencement of 1988, there were only five operations which were actively involved in the field, that is three in the Middle East, the Kashmir mission, and the UN Peacekeeping Force located in Cyprus (UNFICYP) (Voeten, 2005). This noteworthy increase in the number of the peacekeeping operations was accompanied by essential changes in their nature and in their composition. The single function that was associated with the UN traditional operations evolved into a variety of tasks as the variety of tasks increased, the composition of peacekeeping operations after the cold war became diverse and complex with peacekeepers being drawn from wider varieties of occupation (that is the military, civilian police and diplomats), nations and cultures. Modern peacekeeping can be fittingly characterized as bilateral, multidimensional, global and multicultural. All deployments after 1988 are redefined under new military doctrines which sought to explain the principles under which they operate. The missions after 1988 are referred to as multidimensional operations due to their wide variety of activities. As peacekeeping activities diversified notably in recent past as they strove to adapt to the new tasks and various challenges, the context and environment in which the missions are deployed have also bcome complex. Even though various exceptions such as ONUC in DRC Congo and UNIFIL in Lebanon, the peacekeeping operations created before the 1990s operated in permissive environments only where they had the permission and support of host governments (Voeten, 2005). In the 1990s, various missions have been deployed to solve internal wars or provide humanitarian assistance in complex political emergencies. In such situations the UN is forced to work under the conditions of lawlessness and violence, where militias act autonomously. In such cases the UN agencies are often opposed and confronted by the militia. This occurred as a result the United Nations principles of neutrality and the unifying role .This failure to stop loss of human lifes greatly affected the credibility of the United Nations with fewer countries willing to work with the united nations in future since they were viewed as inferior and could not contain major crisis arising. In the Somalia war the United Nations wanted to restore its lost name hence resulted to massive force. This resulted to loss of the war since the military operation was guided by sinister motives (Frieden, 2009). The United Nations has been blamed for selective involvement in various wars and only works when there is global pressure to see the United Nations prove its might in conflict resolution and peacekeeping. This has further been coupled by damning criticism that the United Nations was an institution being used by the western world to spread neocolonialism. However the United Nations remains the only organization capable of providing humanitarian aid as well as military activities in the whole world. There in the current past has been the development of the doctrines to ensure that the military involvement in humanitarian assistance was boosted. The United Nations aim is to avoid failure in protecting civilians as seen in Bosnia and Rwanda and to ensure adequate self-defense measures for peacekeeping forces and UN staff .The United Nations supporting nations resolved not to send their personnel to missions where they are inadequately equipped to handle (Voeten, 2005). Why UN was involved in some occasions not others. There have been substantial changes both in the practice and concept of United Nation (UN) peacekeeping since the end of the Cold War. Deployment during the cold war for example was based on the principles of impartial, non-forcible intervention. There had to be consent from the conflicting parties. There also had to the precondition of an agreed peace. After the cold war however, the peace keeping missions have been carried out on the context of internal wars (Sambanis, 2004). This change in tactic has subjected the UNs performance in the latest missions to severe criticism. The big question is why it would it do so little in countries like Bosnia and Darfur and so much in other countries. Why is it that some interventions are too little too late, poorly resourced, poorly executed and misconceived like in Somalia, Rwanda and Bosnia. Although such criticisms have lead to an overhaul in the UN peace keeping operations, this section seeks to establish why the UN was involved in some peace keeping operations and not others. Why we there delayed involvement in some peace keeping missions and not in others. It also seeks to point out clearly whether there are limitations as far as UN military interventions mechanisms are concerned. The overhaul of the UNs approach to peace keeping and peace keeping has made its structure to allow very little room for effective military intervention. Partly, this is because the UN does not support quick and decisive action. There are always varying innstitutional structures that do get in the way. The Security Councils permanent members for example can do undermine intervention. In addition to that, intervention is always politically costly, thus the actors especially the Veto powers have an incentive to avoid it (Bannon, 2006). A new lens through which peace keeping is viewed has also been conceived in the condos of UNs intervention strategies. This is the concept of called Responsibility to Protect. It asserts that the international community has the obligation to intervene in a state if and only if the state clearly fails to protect its citizens from mass atrocities and also when the peaceful measures are not working (Voeten, 2005). The first intervention would be in a diplomatic manner, then more coercively, and as a last resort into using military force. It is within this lens that the UN reacts to any conflict or not. It is a sort of selection bias in terms of cases that have a high number of deaths or that are ethnic or religious. The challenge is how to determine the exact point when a state has failed to protect its citizens. This explains why the UN has not reacted towards many conflicts or why it has delayed too many conflicts. This contravenes the concept of the right to intervene. Lastly, the reason why the UN does not respond to other conflicts is inadequacy of troops. The major western economies should consider contributing more troops to UN peacekeeping missions in such situations (Frieden, 2009). How they changed after that period external and Internal The mandate of peacekeeping shifted dramatically after the cold war. After the cold war the mandates and range of activities for peacekeepers expanded exponentially. The peacekeepers today help promote human rights, build government institutions, set up local police forces, and disarm former combatants. Before then, their role was limited to maintaining ceasefires and stabilizing violence in order to make diplomatic solutions more reachable. The UN peacekeeping shifted dramatically from inter-state conflicts to intra-state conflicts and civil wars in the 1990s. This is because of the ever present internal struggle for power over territorial control in many of the warring countries (Regan, 2000). Besides, under the various security systems, when disputes arise between two nations, the concerned parties are required to first seek an amicable solution by peaceful means. This is according to Chapter VI of the UN Charter on peace keeping. The peace is to be sought mainly by squaring off, concession, mediation, peaceful settlement or resort to regional agencies. The 7th chapter of the UN Charter comes into action if the peaceful means fall short and the dispute continues into an armed conflict. This chapter asserts that in the case of a menace to the peace, violation of the peace or an act of belligerence the Security Council may take relevant measures to restore peace. These measures are for all intents and purposes complete or partial economic sanctions, separation of diplomatic relations and arms embargoes (The United Nations Charter, 1945). Conclusion As there are chances that the UN is more likely to send a peacekeeping mission to a smaller and richer country, there are also chances that it is more likely to intervene in a longer and bloodier war. A selection bias would be important because in all the cases there is public outcry and international pressure for the United Nations to get involved in ending a civil war. If the UN intervention has no effect on post-conflict recovery and democratization, then the energy, money, and political resources needed to enact a UN peacekeeping mission would be better not spent. Buy custom Post Cold War essay

Bipolar Disorder1 essays

Bipolar Disorder1 essays Bipolar disorder can best be compared to a mountain range. With high peaks of euphoria and deep valleys of depression, this disorder has periods of high, or manic stages, and periods of low, or depressed stages, with some periods of normal in between. For many people this disorder begins in the adolescent stage of life and continues throughout the persons adult life. Often people suffer needlessly for years or even decades without even recognizing that they have the disorder. As long as people are informed of the disorder this suffering can be avoided. Bipolar disorder can be recognized by many signs, has many treatment options, but awareness is the key to the treatment. One symptom of bipolar disorder is severe irritability and mood swings. The teen "snapping" at his or her parents, common in most households, can now be taken as a sign of depression. Of course, most teens that have bipolar disorder do not have parents to snap at. This is due to the trend of sorts that severe neglect is a major cause of this affliction. Early trauma can lead to a life of unhappy irritability and mood swings. A "bad attitude" can be an after effect of these early life traumas and abuses. An example of this is Lauren: at four years old she had been chained to a car door and while chained was attempting to care for her younger brother who was then two years old. Her mother, a cocaine abuser, had not tended to the children in several days. Various family members undertook the task of caring for her, but her forceful and unmanageable tendencies wore them down and they were forced to pass her on to another relative. Mood swings are also common among those sufferi ng from bipolar disorder. These are more drastic than those normal people experience. Normal teenagers have mood swings quite frequently; the causes can range from trouble with family, friends and boy or girl friends. These things can also cause mood swings of those ...

Temperate Forests Are Mild-Climate Forests

Temperate Forests Are Mild-Climate Forests Temperate forests are forests that grow in temperate regions such as those found in eastern North America, western and central Europe, and northeastern Asia. Temperate forests occur at latitudes between about 25Â ° and 50Â ° in both hemispheres. They have a moderate climate and a growing season that lasts between 140 and 200 days each year. Precipitation in temperate forests is generally distributed evenly throughout the year. The canopy of a temperate forest consists mainly of broad-leaved trees. Toward polar regions, temperate forests give way to boreal forests. Temperate forests first evolved about 65 million years ago during the beginning of the Cenozoic Era. At that time, global temperatures dropped and, in areas further from the equator, cooler and more temperate climates emerged. In these regions, temperatures were not only cooler but were also dryer and showed seasonal variations. The plants in these regions evolved and adapted to the climate changes. Today, the temperate forests that are closer to the tropics (and where the climate changed less dramatically), the tree and other plant species more closely resemble those of the older, tropical regions. In these regions, temperate evergreen forests can be found. In areas where climate changes were more dramatic, deciduous trees evolved (deciduous trees drop their leaves when the weather turns cold each year as an adaptation that enables trees to withstand the seasonal temperature fluctuations in these regions). Where forests became dryer, sclerophyllous trees evolved to cope with periodi c lack of water. Key Characteristics The following are the key characteristics of temperate forests: grow in temperate regions (at latitudes between about 25Â ° and 50Â ° in both hemispheres)experiences distinct seasons, with an annual growing season that lasts between 140 and 200 dayscanopy consists mainly of broadleaf trees Classification Temperate forests are classified within the following habitat hierarchy: Biomes of the World Forest Biome Temperate Forests Temperate forests are divided into the following habitats: Temperate deciduous forests - Temperate deciduous forests occur in eastern North America, central Europe, and parts of Asia. Deciduous forests experience temperatures that range between -30Â ° and 30Â °C throughout the year. They receive between 75 and 150 cm of rainfall each year. The vegetation of temperate deciduous forest includes a variety of broadleaf trees (such as oak, beech, cherry, maple, and hickory) as well as various shrubs, perennial herbs, mosses, and mushrooms. Temperate deciduous forests occur and mid-latitudes, between the polar regions and the tropics.Temperate evergreen forests - Temperate evergreen forests consist mainly of evergreen trees that retain their leaves throughout the year. Temperate evergreen forests occur in eastern North America and in the Mediterranean Basin. They also include subtropical broadleaf evergreen forests of the southeastern United States, southern China, and southeastern Brazil. Animals of Temperate Forests Some of the animals that inhabit temperate forests include: Eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus) - The eastern chipmunk is a species of chipmunk that lives in the deciduous forests of eastern North America. Easter chipmunks are small rodents that have red-brown fur and dark and light brown stripes that run the length of its back.White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) - The white-tailed deer is a species of deer that inhabits the deciduous forests of eastern North America. White-tailed deer have a brown coat and a tail with a distinct white underside that it raises when alarmed.American black bear (Ursus americanus) - American black bears are one of three bear species that live in North America, the other two being the brown bear and the polar bear. Of these bear species, black bears are the smallest and most timid.European robin (Erithacus rebecula) - European robins are shy birds throughout most of their range but in the British Isles, they have acquired a charming tameness and are frequent, honored guests in backyard gardens, and parks. T heir feeding behavior historically involved following foraging animals such as the wild boar as it dug through the soil.

US Population Growth and its demands on the enviroment, economy and Research Paper

US Population Growth and its demands on the enviroment, economy and national healthcare - Research Paper Example Background The population growth of the United States is ever increasing by about 3 million people per year (Hinde, 1998). Indeed, the overpopulation issue does not exist in the vacuum. The main reason for overpopulation is not because people do not know the main ideas on birth control processes; however, it is due to the immigration of people from other foreign countries (Alejandro & Rumbaut, 1990). In fact, almost 50 percent of the United States population is due to immigration. Worldwide, the main reaction to carrying capacity setbacks would be to migrate to regions where the carrying capacity does not seem to be pushed beyond the maximum level, or it is perceived to provide opportunities. In most cases, much of the United States’ immigration is fueled by this conception, but the immigrants tend to forget that the United States does not possess endless resources. Such wrong perceptions of immigrants do not only cause injustices to the carrying capacity of the many states in the country, but also many other overpopulation components, including environmental damage, social disruption, and even unemployment (Regoeczi, 2002). Demands on the environment Perhaps, the main devastating demands of overpopulation could be seen in the United States’ environs. ... le that the Americans keep on producing a lot of air pollutants that perhaps one day could become hazardous and even get to other regions in the world. Apart from pollution, there exist reasons for concerns regarding the farmland, wildlife, and forestry. It is because of overpopulation that United States has lost a lot of its wetlands, old-growth forests, and on a routine basis go on loosing many miles of land to developments. While a lot of factors such as forests, pollutants, energy, etc. could be those chosen to demonstrate the limitations of overpopulation on the carrying, reflection of striking example is water. Indeed, many areas within the United States, be it the central, west, and even southwest states, mostly those experiencing the rapid growth in population are inflicted either with shortages of water or contaminated water due to pollution. The demand on resources that lead to damages of forestry has caused many states in the United States face limited rainfall. Other natu rally occurring water sources have also been limited resulting in serious depletion and even pollution of the ground water. Clean water is essential to the people of the United States. Carrying capacity of such limited water areas that extend many states is really a threat to the human life. It is notable that, the outcomes of overpopulation demands on the environment are negative. Resources get depleted that the environment becomes disregarded to a certain point that, many regions in the United States lose most of their capacity to support a dense population. Whenever the carrying capacity becomes exceeded, the damage to the environment is normally very severe that the carrying capacity of population for upcoming generations is highly reduced. The chains of the events regarding

Strategic Management Critically evaluate the contribution the paper Literature review

Strategic Management Critically evaluate the contribution the paper makes to the knowledge base on strategic management in org - Literature review Example Research findings reveal that specific and challenging, but achievable, goals are firmly connected to task performance and motivation but only a few are studied concerning the value of goal setting to complex organisations. According to Bassett (1993), studies on goal setting have usually included small teams of workers or large organisations. One of the current studies on the applicability of goal setting theory to complex organisations, and which is the focus of this critical review, is Francesco Ceresia’s A Model of Goal-Dynamics in Technology-based Organisations. The author uses four major theoretical paradigms, namely, (1) goal setting, (2) management by objective practices (MbO), (3) workers’ motivation, and (4) organisational performance. The objective of the study is to create a systems dynamics (SD) model that will demonstrate the relationships between goal setting processes, product sales dynamics, workers’ motivation or commitment, and managing of the processes of goal setting. The researcher uses an imaginary Commercial Department (Alpha s.r.l.) to illustrate the reliability and validity of its causal loop diagram, or SD model in determining the correlation among the four theoretical paradigms aforementioned. ... A General Review of the Theoretical Perspectives in Ceresia’s Study In order to accurately, critically analyse Ceresia’s study, it is important to discuss first the different theoretical perspectives that have influenced the development of the study’s objectives and focus. These theories elaborate the fundamental principles that guide the product sales and organizational performance of Beta s.r.l. Since each of these perspectives embodies some relevant assumptions concerning the appropriate structure for systems dynamics, employee, and management, an idea of the principles underlying them is highly useful. Goal Setting for Task Performance Goal setting generate more improved outcomes than failure to set goals. Nevertheless, the explanations are multifaceted. Difficult goals and several controllers and intermediaries should be established before better task performance occurs (Katzell & Yankelovich 1975). However, performance is not a fixed term. Furthermore, perf ormance is not the goal in itself. Sooner or later, workers should be rewarded or recognised for efficient performance if the organisation wants them to stay dedicated to their task and to the organisation, as well (Sengupta 2006). Employee satisfaction is linked to dedication and commitment. If goals are difficult, the enabling controllers are existent, and the intermediaries are functioning, task performance will be efficient and productive on any component the goal identifies as vital, such as quality, quantity, and so on (Curtis 1994). Three fundamental forms of ‘specific’ outcome measures can be applied to assess task performance in the work setting. These three are used in Ceresia’s study (Meyers, Riccucci & Lurie 2001): (1) units of

Book Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Book Review - Essay Example This particular nature of history has been the subject matter of many a powerful writings through the years. Thus, we have one of the best literatures which deals with the aforementioned characteristics of history with the specific examples of the African-American context in the book Race and Revolution by Gary B. Nash. Nash, a prominent social historian, through the extra ordinary ways of description and analysis, deals with many such related issues in his book. Leon F. Litwack, author of Been In The Storm So Long, makes the following observation on the blurb of the book Race and Revolution by Gary B. Nash. â€Å"The best history makes a difference in how we think about and feel the past. Race and Revolution is an important, tough-minded, provocative group of essays that contributes to our understanding of the most debilitating virus in the American system. Not only has Gash Nash illuminated the critical challenge of race and slavery in the revolutionary era and ‘the most tra gic failure’ of American leaders, but he has brought to the forefront the long ignored role of black revolutionists in the early struggles for freedom.† (Gary 1990). In the book Nash, a professor of history at the University of California, Los Angeles, presents three wonderful essays in the title ‘The Revolutionary Generation Embraces Abolitionism,’ ‘The Failure of Abolitionism’ and ‘Black Americans in a White Republic’ and sustaining annotated documents for each of the chapter dealing with the ignored subject of slavery all through the Revolutionary era. Race and Revolution can be treated as an incisive reading of the revolutionary peoples early efforts to make clear their obvious opposition to slavery and the characteristic features of their revolution. The book also looks into the eventual compromises of the people which made the society undamaged but gave the protection of the government following the tear

Retail Strategy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Retail Strategy - Assignment Example There is clearly no point designing a product which no one demands of. Therefore it is essential that that it should have the features which are valued by and attract the consumers, for example, it must be of good quality, work perfectly and look good. Price is the second most essential part of a retail strategy. The price must be set in such a manner that it not only depicts the value of the good produced but takes care of the market conditions and see how much customers are willing to pay for such goods. The third P of retail strategy is place. There is clearly no point in making a product if we cant get to a place from where we can get it across to the customer. Therefore making sure that the goods are present on the right time and at the right place is a very essential. The fourth and final P of a successful retail strategy is promotion (Tellis, 1997). Promotion refers to letting our prospective buyers know about the availability, existence and feature of our product. Successful promotional or marketing strategies play a very essential role in the success of a product and this is the reason why companies spend huge sums on money on promotional

Trending curation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Trending curation - Essay Example Just like in tweeter, where we have tweets as message sent by people, pins in pinterest are shared images that people can pin on customized boards. Users have freedom to customize their own boards with their preferred categories such as car models, funny photos, or amazing architects just to name a few. The article titled, a guide to the new and fun social media for the starters http://mashable.com/2011/12/26/pinterest-beginners-guide/ explain how Pinterest works. Snapchat despite of being around for a year has gained much popularity among the young people where they talk of snapchatting each other. By the end of last year, Snapchat was rated number three among the most popular sites in Itunes free app. Snapchat offers an exciting and interesting way to share images with relatives and friends. The unique feature in snapchat is that the user has the control the amount of time the image can be viewed before it is removed automatically. The article on this link http://infospace.ischool. syr.edu/2012/11/29/what-is-snapchat/ best explains how snapchat operates. Do you think photo communication or social wordless have changed the way we communicate and how? Taking and sharing photos have greatly changed how we used to communicate, for instance, if a person text you wanting to know where you are, one can take a snapchat and share with the person, the photo will explain in precise where you are without additional details. In addition, some people have are shy to talk to people face to face , but social media allows these person to share their moments or thoughts through a simple photo. For instance, one can share a moment of his first-born child across the whole world, where people will congratulation and like the photos of the child electronically (Petrescu 1). How do these social networks ensure that the privacy of individuals is safeguarded? A person can only view your pinterest if invited which is very similar to following in twitter. One is required to register to receive invites or invite the person you know to see your pins. Pinning is a simple process that involves using a pin it button, easily drag and place the pin on the browser extension, click to the photo or image you find exciting and select it, then finally place the pin to the appropriate board with a descriptive text, and the pin is shared. Pins can also be shared via other sites such as Facebook and twitter in order to gain more audience across all networks. In snapchat, the image or photo shared can only be available to a friend for a time ranging from one to ten seconds. Photo captions using snapchat is very easy since it requires the user to tap on the screen or create a doodle. Photo created can be shared with one person or a group a group of persons. Snapchat automatically creates a best friend alternative by identifying the persons you have shared most photos (Petrescu 1). Which do you think are the most common features of photo communicating sites such as instagram and sn apchat? Sharing of photos is the main feature of wordless social, where the user can take photos within the customized app or share the already taken photos via the phone camera. All these social sites allow people to share photos to each other such as Facebook, tumbr, and twitter. Photo manipulation is a feature that allows users to modify their photos to their liking, one can add names and funny texts on the photo to make it exciting. Instagram, snapchat, and

Nemiros Research on Creativity in Teams Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nemiros Research on Creativity in Teams - Essay Example Malhotra (2000, p.101) stated that, "These structures are characterized by such terms as virtual, boundary-less or networked." The people or members are involved in virtual teams, are scattered geographically and communicate with each other through information technology. Nemiro proposed three different types of work design approaches: the wheel, modular and iterative approach. Members on two different status levels make up the network, a high-status member (the leader or supervisor) and lower level members or assistants. The higher status member is usually referred to as the hub or center of network, through which all communication must pass. If the team member has to put forward an idea, it should be directly presented to the team leader rather then being shared by the other members. So, in most situations, the team members of the lower status lack communication and sharing of information prevails. The duties are delegated to the team members by the leader or the lower status team members present their ideas personally to the leader. The second proposed work design approach is the modular approach, which is repeatedly used by the virtual teams to complete their tasks. This approach involves more communication then the previous one. Firstly, the team sets a face to face group meeting and decides on the steps that are suppose to be followed, while finding the solution to the problem or completing the task. Nemiro (2002) stated that, "Team members met initially to decide on the need, task, or project to be pursed. Then, as a group, the work was parceled out or distributed among team members" After completing the initial step the team members disperse in order to extract information through different sources individually or accompanied by other members. The findings then are discussed among the team members before the final submission. 3. The iterative approach Most virtual groups use iterative approach where there is more connection with the team members is involved. None of the step is done in isolation or without communicating it to the other members. The feedback is being given at every step or at every finding. Nemiro (2002) has written that group members who are involved in the developmental cycles, each member shows some work at every step and gets feedback. Similar procedure is followed until final submission. This approach is widely used because the results are more impressive and accurate because in the feedback session more ideas can be generated on the new findings and the results get closer to the perfection. How the approaches would be helpful Nobody can deny the effectiveness of the traditional team structures which

Trending curation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Trending curation - Essay Example Just like in tweeter, where we have tweets as message sent by people, pins in pinterest are shared images that people can pin on customized boards. Users have freedom to customize their own boards with their preferred categories such as car models, funny photos, or amazing architects just to name a few. The article titled, a guide to the new and fun social media for the starters http://mashable.com/2011/12/26/pinterest-beginners-guide/ explain how Pinterest works. Snapchat despite of being around for a year has gained much popularity among the young people where they talk of snapchatting each other. By the end of last year, Snapchat was rated number three among the most popular sites in Itunes free app. Snapchat offers an exciting and interesting way to share images with relatives and friends. The unique feature in snapchat is that the user has the control the amount of time the image can be viewed before it is removed automatically. The article on this link http://infospace.ischool. syr.edu/2012/11/29/what-is-snapchat/ best explains how snapchat operates. Do you think photo communication or social wordless have changed the way we communicate and how? Taking and sharing photos have greatly changed how we used to communicate, for instance, if a person text you wanting to know where you are, one can take a snapchat and share with the person, the photo will explain in precise where you are without additional details. In addition, some people have are shy to talk to people face to face , but social media allows these person to share their moments or thoughts through a simple photo. For instance, one can share a moment of his first-born child across the whole world, where people will congratulation and like the photos of the child electronically (Petrescu 1). How do these social networks ensure that the privacy of individuals is safeguarded? A person can only view your pinterest if invited which is very similar to following in twitter. One is required to register to receive invites or invite the person you know to see your pins. Pinning is a simple process that involves using a pin it button, easily drag and place the pin on the browser extension, click to the photo or image you find exciting and select it, then finally place the pin to the appropriate board with a descriptive text, and the pin is shared. Pins can also be shared via other sites such as Facebook and twitter in order to gain more audience across all networks. In snapchat, the image or photo shared can only be available to a friend for a time ranging from one to ten seconds. Photo captions using snapchat is very easy since it requires the user to tap on the screen or create a doodle. Photo created can be shared with one person or a group a group of persons. Snapchat automatically creates a best friend alternative by identifying the persons you have shared most photos (Petrescu 1). Which do you think are the most common features of photo communicating sites such as instagram and sn apchat? Sharing of photos is the main feature of wordless social, where the user can take photos within the customized app or share the already taken photos via the phone camera. All these social sites allow people to share photos to each other such as Facebook, tumbr, and twitter. Photo manipulation is a feature that allows users to modify their photos to their liking, one can add names and funny texts on the photo to make it exciting. Instagram, snapchat, and

Create topic, because you are writing the paper, not me Essay

Create topic, because you are writing the paper, not me - Essay Example What she discovered can best be explained using Malcolm Gladwell's discussion of strong-tie and weak-tie relationships. By understanding both strong-tie and weak-tie relationships as they are experienced by Nathan, it may be possible to develop some more successful strategies toward achieving community and diversity on college campuses. Nathan starts her essay off by describing the experience of the freshman student from the moment of registration, possibly before. "As a student, one is immediately enlisted to join the group, to get involved, to realize that one has become a part of the AnyU 'community" (Nathan, 41). The primary aim of the mandatory freshman class she describes is clearly intended to kick-start the kind of strong-tie connections Gladwell says are necessary to effect significant change. Although he's talking about motivating people to take physically dangerous action as part of the civil rights movement, the reasons people decide to keep participating in a difficult, long-term task or to withdraw from it remains consistent - those who have strong-tie connections to others engaged in the same pursuit were more likely to remain while those who had few strong-tie connections were more likely to leave. Citing another study, Gladwell says "high-risk activism ... is a strong-tie phenomenon." However, the attempt to foster a strong-tie connection among freshman students at Nathan's AnyU college failed because students strongly resisted the effort. Their resistance was largely based on their lack of choice - in taking the class and in the reading material - and on their perception that the course contributed nothing toward their educational pursuit. Students did show evidence of strong-tie connections, such as when they chose to get together for dinners, small group events, and other activities. "It seemed telling to me that so many dormitory residents were watching the same game in different places, the great majority preferring to pass the time with a carefully chosen group of personal friends in their own private space. It spoke in a more general way to how community really worked in the university" (Nathan, 54). These were self-selected communities within the university space that shared strong ties of friendship and inter-reliance, a characteristic that Gladwell identifies as essential to maintaining strong-tie relationships. However, as Nathan is suggesting as she discusses the desolation of the common rooms in favor of crowded dorm rooms full of small, isolated bands of students, a strong push toward individualism within our society coupled with the convenience of social media technology is weakening these ties. In the freshman orientation program, she notes that "what holds students together, really, is age, pop culture, a handful of (recent) historical events, and getting a degree" (Nathan, 42). Attempts to bring students together are often discouraging as only a handful will appear even when well publicized and a popular activity. "They [students] genuinely want to have a close community, while at the same time they resist the claims that community makes on their schedule and resources in the name of individualism, spontaneity, freedom, and choice." (Nathan, 47). Rather than the kind of strong-tie connections that used to once bind large groups of people together, filling those common rooms with

Independence in the tasks of daily living Essay Example for Free

Independence in the tasks of daily living Essay Outcome1-understand principles for supporting independence in the tasks of daily living-Individuals can benefit from being as indepenent as possible in the tasks of daily living as it depicts that people having the same level of choice, control and freedom in their daily lives as any other person. Each of the three main political parties expressed their approval of the Independent Living Strategy published in 2008, which sets out actions aimed at improving the choice and control disabled people have over the services they need to live their daily lives. The aims of the strategy are that: * disabled people (including older disabled people) who need support to go about their daily lives will have greater choice and control over how support is provided; and *disabled people (including older disabled people) will have greater access to housing, education, employment, leisure and transport opportunities and to participation in family and community life. In June 2010, the Government stated that it was looking at further ways of taking the Independent Living Strategy forward. Active participation promotes independence in the tasks of daily living as this gives the client the confidence and independence needed to complete tasks by themselves without the support of others. Daily living tasks may affect those depending on their culture or background, as what someone may have been brought up believing, may not necessarily be accepted as the general view of society within Great Britain in these current times. I would identify suitable opportunities for an individual to learn or practice skills for daily living by providing a wide range of activities. I would observe/monitor their skills to identify what they can/cant do, and also listen to them and ask any questions about what they would like to do. It is important to clarify the role and responsibilities for providing support in order to ensure that all codes of conduct, professional boundaries and legalities are upheld. Outcome 2-be able to establish what support is required for daily living tasks- Establish what support is required for daily living tasks In order to access information regarding an individuals support plan I would request this from my line manager using all organisational policies and procedures and adhering to all Acts of Parliament. In order to clarify with the individual and others the requirements for supporting an individuals independence in daily living tasks I would ask the individual concerned what they would, and how they would like to achieve independence, as well as following any care plans and discussing with others any information that the client may have passed onto them with regards to how they would like to achieve this. In order to access any additional guidance in order to resolve any difficulties or concerns about support for daily living tasks I would contact my line manager via telephone or in person, whilst accessing any care plans and referring the situation to my line manager if there had been any disputes between myself and the client. Outcome 3 – be able to provide support for planning and preparing meals- In order to support the client to plan meals that contribute to a healthy diet that reflect the individuals culture and preferences I would clarify with the individual any foods they can or cant eat depending on culture and medical conditions and what they prefer to eat, whilst following any current guidelines for healthy eating. I would actively support them in the preparation of the food by encouraging them to prepare it themselves following all health and safety policies and referring the client to any cook books etc. I would encourage the client to store food safely by discussing and referring  them to any food safety policies i.e. basic food hygiene, as well as actively supporting them in the initial storing of the food. Outcome 4- Be able to provide support for buying and using household and personal items- Different ways of buying household and personal items include using the internet and shopping in person. In order to identify household and personal items that are needed for the client I would discuss with, and if necessary supervise the client whilst they decided and tooks notes, depending on what they currently had in the house and therefore did or didnt need. In order to support clients to buy items in the way they preferred I would discuss with and accompany the client whilst either shopping on the internet or in person etc. In order to support the client to store and use items safely I would discuss with and refer them to any health and safety instructions that may come with or be noted on the products. Outcome 5- To be able to provide support for keeping the home clean and secure- I would support the individual to keep their home clean in a way that supports active participation and safety by observing and discussing with them any issues that they may have, then referring them to any policies issued to the general public or organisations, and actively supporting them whilst they implemented these policies. I would supervise and describe different security risks to the client, whilst encouraging them to take notes as to what these are and describing to them ways to implement any concerns that either myself or the client had, I would also advise my line manager as to what these risks are so that any actions could be securely documented. Some of these risks could include leaving doors and windows open or unlocked, or by allowing people into their home without asking for I.D etc. I would support the individual to use agreed security measures by referring  them to any leaflets or policies that had been issued either externally or internally by an agreed and secure source, and promoting active participation in the implementation of these security measures. Outcome 6- Be able to identify and respond to changes needed in support for daily living tasks- In order to record any changes in the individuals circumstances that might affect the type or level of support that is required I would discuss these with the client and my line manager whilst recording these in the individuals care plan. I would adapt support in agreed ways of working to address concerns, changes or increased independence by discussing with the client and my manager what these may be. I would also takes notes and implement any changes in the individuals care plan.

Essay --

In the United States there has been a big increase in obesity in the last 50 years. There has been much controversy on who is to blame for the increase of obesity people or fast food restaurants. Many think that it is the fast food companies fault but they are mistaking the only person to blame is people themselves not McDonalds, Burger King, KFC, etc. People take advantage of the privilege of fast food to the point that they can’t take responsibility for their own actions so they have to blame everyone else but themselves. If people would control themselves, stop being lazy, and have more responsible parents there would be much less obesity. People need to start taking responsibility for their own actions and stop blaming fast food for their obesity. People have free will; no one is forcing them to eat a big greasy burger from the fast foods restaurant with large fries and a large soda. People choose to eat that no one puts a gun to their head and forces them to make a purchase of an unhealthy meal. They buy it at their own risk knowing what can come from eating fast food all the...

William Shakespeares Sonnet 18 Essay examples -- Shakespeare Sonnet

Keeping love alive is not easy. One knows that life eventually comes to an end, but does love? Time passes and days must end. It is in "Sonnet 18", by Shakespeare, that we see a challenge to the idea that love is finite. Shakespeare shows us how some love is eternal and will live on forever in comparison to a beautiful summer's day. Shakespeare has a way of keeping love alive in "Sonnet 18", and he uses a variety of techniques to demonstrate how love is more brilliant and everlasting than a summer's day. The first technique Shakespeare uses to demonstrate everlasting love is to ask the question "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?" (1) This leads the reader to consider other questions. Is love as bright and beautiful as a summer's day? Is the person the speaker is admiring as lovely and as kind as a summer's day? These questions are answered in the second line with "Thou art more lovely and more temperate." This shows that the person the speaker is admiring is more beautiful, calm and understanding than a summer's day. The summer is inferior to the person being admired, and the speaker's love for this person is everlasting. If anyone has every experienced a beautiful summer's day he or she will see that the trees will shake from the wind. Leaves do eventually fall from the once lively buds of spring. Shakespeare also uses the technique of imagery to develop his idea of love in line three: "Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May." With this Shakespeare is telling us that though the winds of a summer shake the trees beauty, it will not shake the internal feelings of love from the speaker. Summer days are limited; they are short and soon will come to an end. Every year summer ends. Yes, it may begin again next year bu... ...agree with the sonnet and its final couplet. This structure, along with the iambic pentameters stressed and unstressed syllables engage the reader on the argument Shakespeare reaches for everlasting love. he structure of a Shakespearian sonnet aids in the emphasis of everlasting love. This also provides the reader to correctly read the sonnet as Shakespeare intended. Shakespeare has chosen the sonnet forms to develop his idea of everlasting love with questions, imagery, metaphors, rhyme schemes, and structure. Without these techniques we would not be able to gain the correct perspective that the beauty of love prevails over the beauty of nature; also how nature is not permanent and the sonnet will be everlasting. Works Cited Shakespeare, William. "Sonnet 18." Introduction to literature. Ed. Isobel M Findlay et al. 5th ed. Canada: Thomson Nelson, 2004. 133-134.

Chapter 4 Of Carter’s Book Essay

Warren Carter’s book offers the necessary understanding of the Christianity’s initial stages. The book’s structure is such that it revolves around seven important events that had a great impact on Christianity in early times. They briefly include the following: the demise of Alexander , comparison between Jesus and Alexander, the translation’ process of scriptures from Hebrew to Greek, the Jerusalem temple rededication that analyses the Maccabean revolt and its contribution to Jewish identity and the occupation of Romans of Judea gives a description of the roman rule in Judea and the Christian’s response on it. The chapter also include: Jesus’s crucifixion as addressed in the fifth event and herein an explanation is given for his crucifixion, the next event is the writing of the texts in the New Testament and the final event is the process of closure of the New Testament Canon. In this book, Carter explores both social and historical contexts. He explores the significance of the happenings during development of Christianity in early times. Even though the book’s content is in an ancient context, that reflections are relevant in today’s times. Chapter 4 discusses the existence of Roman’s power in Judea and the cities around it by Pompey who was the commander and the traitor of Judeans King Herod. It also shows the historical events that Judeans went over during that early time. In chapter 4, it highlights the Roman occupation of Judea and the takeover by Rome as it maintained power. Carter notes that â€Å"when imperial power is asserted, winners and losers will always be there†. The biggest losers in this case were Hasmoneans and Judeans while the winners were Romans, King Herod and his sons Archelaus, Antipas, and Philip. In the chapter, Herod has kept a tight grip of Judea. As a leader, he is quite biased and exercise ruthless power over his subjects regardless of them being Roman or Jewish. His actions were ridiculous as he was willing to commit any crime in order to satisfy his ambition. He would punish and execute anyone objecting his way of ruling even close people such as his wife, children, and his mother in law. Also, he was willing to do whatever is needed to maintain and please his relationship with his Romans bosses because he realized that Rome’s empire had started. On the other hand, he was successful in maintaining a tight grip because of his development projects in Judea. Herod offered excuses for being such a vicious ruler such that Judeans were in constant negotiation with him. The approaches to negotiation were as follows: â€Å"some waited for God’s actions through the Messiah while others found justice in entirely different ways† . There was a mixture of different things that happened in the period, and others sought for independence and a secure future, and some were violent in an endeavor to be more appealing to the Romans. The locals thus had varying evaluation of the rulers with some applauding them and others rebuking them in totality. The Judeans chose different ways in which they negotiated Roman presence and power. According to Carter, these negotiations involved the faith they placed in the Messiah. This was such that they waited for the intervention of the Lord through the Messiah’s sending. In so doing, they were in constant prayer with the hope that everything will change to the better. Others consulted and explored it through different ways that entailed involvement in acts of violence. The Judeans believed that the Messiah would save them from King Herod’s oppressive rule as well as the desecrating Romans. Several approaches have been used in trying to represent opposition and accommodate them in studying the New Testament. This methodology focuses mostly on power of ideological power struggles between imperial and native forces. In the first century CE, chapter 4 discusses how the Roman Empire exercised political authority over Jewish authorities. The mark’s gospel represents a form of resistant literature. This resistant indicates that Jesus ‘portrayal is not an attempt to abolish the whole structure of Empire but replacement to the emperor with the true Lord. This Postcolonial criticism is clear attempts to explore how authors in the ancient tried to negotiate dynamic power as a subjugated group’s members. In this chapter, one is enlightened on the genesis of Christian movement and in so doing helping in the understanding of the New Testament. In this discussion, it lights many historical events that may not briefly showed or discussed in details in Matthewâ€⠄¢s Gospel in the New Testament. In addition, the diversity selection of stories chosen by Carter in the emergence of the New Testament plays a huge role in giving more insights into its development. The factual information provided on the development of Christianity plays a significant role of shading light on the situation of events. The socio-cultural happenings offer a new perspective on the New Testament. The several illustrations in the book and the textual aids play a huge role in making the reader understand the New Testament fully. In the chapters of Carter’s book, both social and historical contexts are well explored. He explores the significance of events in that time to the development of Christianity in early times. Even though the chapter’s content is in an ancient context, the reflections are relevant in today’s times. Warren Carter’s book offers the necessary understanding of the initial stages of Christianity. The book’s structure is to revolve around seven important events that had a great impact on Christianity in early times. This chapter thus plays a tremendous role in further understanding of the New Testament to modern day Christians. The historical happening put things in perspective and assists in the following of the stories revealed in the New Testament. References Carter, Warren. Seven Events that Shaped the New Testament World. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2013. Source document

Ramayana and Diwali Essay

Festivals are the lifeblood of all nations. They add charm and thrill to our humdrum life. India being a melting-pot of religious race an d cultures, it has a plethora of festivals and feasts. Among these, Diwali perhaps is the most pan-Indian festival celebrated with great pomp and mirth throughout the length and breadth of the country, largely in Northern and Central India. Diwali, better known as Deepawali among the Indian masses, is a festival of lights. There are many reasons why Diwali is celebrated. It’s not just the festive mood in the air that makes us happy, or just that it’s a great time to enjoy before the advent of winter. The Goddess of wealth, Lakshmi incarnated on the new moon day of the Kartik month, hence Diwali is associated with Lakshmi. It is also believed that Diwali is connected with the triumph of Lord Krishna over the demon king Narakasur However, the most prevalent belief is that the festival marks the victory of Lord Ram over Ravana. On this day, it is believed that Rama came back to Ayodhya after his victory over the evil king of Lanka, Ravana who had taken away his wife Sita. People greatly rejoiced the return of their beloved prince. They lighted up whole Ayodhya with earthen lamps, decorated their houses and welcomed them with pomp and ceremony. The present day celebration of Diwali is held in remembrance of this event. Diwali is generally celebrated in late October or early November, soon after the rainy season is over. A lot of preparation goes in before the actual festival. Houses are cleansed, white washed and painted. Every nook and corner of the house is swept clean. Thereafter, in the evening earthen lamps and decorative lights are put in and around the house giving an atmosphere of joy and happiness. As the night approaches, children and people light up the sky with their firecrackers. The streets and markets bear a dazzling look. Illumination of every hue and color light up shops and buildings. Thus, there is gaiety, cheerfulness, merrymaking and fun everywhere. There is joy on every face. On this day every one puts on their best dress which has been purchased well in advance. Special meals and sweets are prepared. People exchange greetings and share sweets and meals as a mark of friendship and brotherhood. The festival of Diwali teaches us many values of life. More than anything else this festival symbolizes the ultimate victory of good over evil. It teaches us that one day or other the evil existing in this world would be subdued by goodness and righteousness. Rama’s obedience to parents, Sita’s faithfulness,  Lakshman’s unflinching love for his brother, etc. teach us many noble lessons of life. The festival is a national festival celebrated by everyone irrespective of caste, creed and race. It therefore, promotes unity, common brotherhood, and communal harmony. Hence, in a world like ours, broken by narrow domestic walls of religious fanaticism and social disharmony, a festival like Diwali can bring people together, heal wounds, and can help in fostering national integration. Diwali is thus, my favorite festival.

How I See Myself as a Teacher Essay

Teachers possess enormous impacts on the lives of the students he/she taught. As a future teacher, being able to shape the lives of the future generation, I desired to be a teacher that provides my students with an enjoyable education experience. Being a serious person, i believe that the atmosphere in the classroom that I will be teaching would be quite serious, but I should be able to negotiate the level of seriousness in the class with some fun. Even though I am a bit uptight, I can see myself opening up to my students, being able to have a friendly conversation with my students. Based on my experience and observations during my high school days, most of my friends that were labelled as problematic by the teachers always complains that they did not see the importance of a certain rules implemented upon them. When a teacher asks them to do something, or prevent them to do things, they cannot see the reasons behind them. Therefore, when I become a teacher, I want to be able to rationalise things that I do, and everything that I thought them. I want to emphasise the importance of what they are going to learn so that they can value the knowledge. Although i am an English teacher, I want to be a teacher that my students can relate to in every aspects of their life. I want to be a teacher that has enough knowledge about everything, so that my students can look for me for an advice. I also wanted to be a teacher that manages to shape the mentality of my students into a better one, from trivial matters such as littering to religious aspects for Muslims. Finally, as a future teacher, it is my hope to achieve the feeling that I in some way, as an individual have made a difference in the lives of my students, the school community, and therefore in society as a whole. By educating the next generation in terms of morale and in their mentality, it is my hope that I am able to achieve enough to make a difference not only in the lives of the students in my classes at that particular time, but also to impact their lives far into the future, and as a result make the future of our country a better place.

Women study final Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Women study final - Assignment Example In American, at least one member of the family has served in the armed forces. In the U.S military, women have been involved since the 17th century. Their core duties were nursing, mending clothes, cooking, and performing laundry duties. During Second World War, the women worked in the shipyards while the men were drafted for active duty overseas. Currently, the American armed forces have numerous positions that are open to women. The women serve in various positions in the U.S military, including pilots, drivers, mechanics, drivers, household supplies, and communication specialists among others. The U.S government has invested heavily in the military. More women have enlisted in the American armed forces. The increase of women in the male-dominated military has resulted in some people to question the social-cultural impacts of the role of women in the military. The military is considered as a society in its own. It is guided by the societal guidelines just like the civilian society. Therefore, either politically, economically, or socio-culturally, the military is a crucial U.S institution. To that effect, the paper will discuss the social and cultural issues of having women in the military. Culture is regarded as the total sum of a person’s way of life. Culture may also refer to representation that has relative autonomy from the political and social domains. In this regard, the gender roles that have been assigned to women and men have been structurally and culturally determined. As a result, it has led to the creation, reinforcement, and perpetuation of relationships of male dominance along with female subordination (Njogu and Orchadson-Mazrui 2). By 2010, the female figures comprised of 14.6 percent of the military personnel. There are fewer military women who serve in the army in contrast to men at 37 percent and 40 percent, respectively. Even though there are more women in the Air

Pornography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pornography - Essay Example It narrates the story of the passionate and obsessive sexual affair between Kichizo Ishidaa, a hotel owner, and Sada Abe, a prostitute turned servant who works for him. By portraying the unusual relationship and obsessive love between the couple, through several sequences of sexual acts, Oshima subtly redefines the meaning of pornography and obscenity. The movie depicts an â€Å"extended repertoire of graphic sex acts† that are typical of porn movies and due to stringent censorship laws in Japan Oshima has done all the post production work in France (Williams 183). Many critics have discounted the movie as pornographic but some, including the movie’s director, defended it on the grounds that it radically attempts to extend the possibilities of pornography and challenges the â€Å"very notion of obscenity† (183). The main objective of Oshima seems to be to show the audience what they wish to see but have so far forbidden themselves from viewing. He further contend s that when the audience feels that all that they wanted to see is â€Å"revealed† the element of â€Å"obscenity disappears† and, therefore, the authorities should authorize the screening of pornographic movies (183). In her critique of the movie, writer and critic Linda Williams endorses that despite the graphic sexual acts depicted in the film, it does not â€Å"negate art† (184). People usually associate pornography and obscenity with the concept of devouring on sexual acts that people watch merely for the purpose of excitement or as a deviatory pleasure. Thus, the general notion is that pornography solely seeks to elicit erotic feelings and arouse the people who watch or read such materials. However, through the portrayal of a strong, obsessive love affair between a servant and master that finally entails in jealousy out of possessiveness, Oshima pushes the boundaries that define the term pornography and obscenity and attract the attention of the audience t o new dimensions of the term. Linda Williams attributes the film to be â€Å"too real, too hard-core† but also â€Å"too beautiful to fathom† (184). On the other hand, she further mentions the scary connotation of the castration in the movie’s climax is a befitting end, which reflects the â€Å"Lacanian allegories† of the times when the movie was made (184). Thus, Oshima has traversed beyond the normal realms of pornography and obscenity through the depiction of the tumultuous affair between the man and the woman in his movie, In the Realm of Senses. A Critical Analysis of Linda William’s Definition of Obscenity: Human cultures and civilization have evolved with the passage of time as people keep changing their perspectives based on new information and knowledge. The definition of the word â€Å"obscene,† as the humans perceive it now, has also undergone a lot of interpretation as well as transformation before it has acquired its current dim ension. In the conservative American society the word obscenity refers to any sexual representation in any art form that has been included in it simply â€Å"for sex’s sake† without adding any value the content; or in a sense it encompasses the notion of what should be â€Å"off (ob) the stage (scene) of representation† (Williams 165). Linda Williams in her essay titled, Second Thoughts on

CVP analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

CVP analysis - Essay Example Cost–volume–profit (CVP) is an administrative management tool used in economics (Weygandt, 2009). It is a basic model designed to assist in making short-time decisions in economics based on costs incurred in the business The information on CVP influences determination of break-even analysis. Break-even spot shows the point at which the net income is zero. Analysis of CVP makes use of variable and fixed costs. CVP examines the dynamics experienced in profits accrued by businesses due to changes in the volumes of costs of various products and their sales. It is through CVP that a venture identifies the progress of his or her business and makes sound decisions. CVP analysis has a number of assumptions, which also are the same as those for break-even analysis. The analyst assumes that costs behave in a linear manner throughout the activities. The classification of costs is possible and accurately stated depending on whether fixed or variable. The other assumption is that ch anges in costs are due to change of activity. All products from the invested capital have a market value and that there is no product inventory required once the product is ready for sale (Balakrishnan et al, 2009). The analysts using CVP technique provides information about the products. The analyst also needs to know the levels of sales and volumes and the amount they need to protect the investment from making loses. The other information required by the analysts is the capacity for the analyst to determine the effects of increasing or decreasing the fixed costs. Successful analysts must have the capability of approximating the amount of funds required for expenditures and the magnitude of risks required (Balakrishnan et al, 2009). Profit equation using CVP analysis Analysts using CVP starts by determining the business profit using the profit equation as shown (Weygandt, 2009). Profit = Total revenue -Total costs Since the costs are in two divisions, i.e. fixed costs and variable costs, the equation becomes Profit =Total revenue -Total variable costs -Total fixed costs Profit is a function of the contribution margin. This refers to the amount of invested capital in this discussion (Balakrishnan et al, 2009). The total contribution margin is the difference between the total revenue and total variable costs. The calculation of contribution margin may also occur per unit production. This margin is necessary in consideration of the effects that volume has on a business profit. Realization of profits in a business takes place upon covering of sales equivalent to the fixed costs. This means that any unit sales above the fixed costs become profit. The overall profit equation in CVP analysis, therefore, becomes (Weygandt, 2009). Profit =P * Q - V * Q - F = (P - V) * Q – F Where; P _ Selling price per unit V _ Variable cost per unit (P _ V) _ Contribution margin per unit Q _ Quantity of product sold (units of goods or services) F _ Total fixed costs Cost-Volum e-Profit Graph (Weygandt, 2009) This is a graph that shows the bond amid the total income and total costs in a business. This graph also shows how profits change with time depending on different activity volumes. In the above graph, the loss decreases with increasing volume of sales. At the same time, there is an increase in the contribution margin. At the point, where the cost intersect with the revenue line, this point known as break-even point above which profits are evident. In the case, where there is income tax, the business after tax calculation makes use of the formula; After-tax profit = Pretax profit –Taxes. Pretax profit = (Tax rate -Pretax profit). Pretax profit = (1 - Tax rate). Snap Fitness business The principles of CVP are applicable in a number of business organizations, for example, in starting a snap fitness business. This small venture requires a small amount of capital to start. In addition, it takes a short time for the investor to reach a break-even